SAND CREEK---FEAR & FRUSTRATION FUELS THIS MASSACRE

SAND CREEK MASSACRE

MASSACRE PAINTING BY WITNESS, HOWLING WOLF--1864

Detail from The Sand Creek massacre, painted on elk hide by Northern Arapaho artist Eugene Ridgely

“THE BLOODY BOZEMAN”

“THE BLOODY BOZEMAN”—PIONEER FEMALE WESTERN WRITER & MISSOULA RESIDENT, DORTHY M. JOHNSON

SIOUX--CRAZY HORSE ??? Legend says he was Never photographed—photo on left may be C.H. “he was a gentle warrior, a true brave, who stood for the highest ideal of the Sioux. Notwithstanding all that biased historians have said of him, it is only fair to judge a man by the estimate of his own people rather than that of his enemies. Pencil drawing of CH

Periods or eras of federal Indian policy The Trade and Intercourse Era The Indian Intercourse Act of 1790 marked the beginning of the Trade and Intercourse Era. This Act established that no sales of Indian lands were to be made between any persons or state(s) unless the sale was authorized by the United States. The United States federal government was then granted management of trade and diplomatic relations that involved Indians and their lands. The main goal of establishing the Trade and Intercourse Act was to keep peace on the frontier and avoid war with the Natives.

Eras continued Westward expansion and Indian relocation During the early 19th century as the eastern settlers of the United States felt the desire to explore westward, the natives were caught in the middle of things. Eastern Indian tribes were forced out of their homelands to barren areas that contained fruitless soils, though they had a prosperous relationship beforehand. The reason given to justify the Indian removal stated by Thomas Jefferson was to "give them a space to live undisturbed by white people as they gradually adjust to civilized ways".

Eras….. Allotment and Assimilation Era (1887-1943) In 1887, the United States Congress passed the General Allotment Act, which is considered one of the earliest attempts aimed toward assimilation of native tribes. This act intended to give natives a sense of land ownership as well as integrate an agricultural lifestyle with the tribes, much like that of the Americans and Europeans. Under the General Allotment Act, tribal lands were no longer under the control of tribal governments; instead the land was under the control of individual land owners.

Eras…… Termination and relocation (1945-1960) Between the end of the Franklin D. Roosevelt era and the beginning of the John F. Kennedy administration, less traditional native Americans, congressional leaders, and government administrators developed a policy that they hoped would integrate the Indian population with mainstream America—to de-Indianize Native Americans. To this end, they enacted laws to terminate the government's trusteeship of Indian lands and relocate Indians to the nation's cities. They believed that once Indians left the reservation, they would have opportunities for education and employment—and assimilation.

Eras…….. Tribal self determination era In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy wanted the Indian tribes to be recognized as independent nations governing themselves. He promised the Indian tribes that treaties made prior to 1960 would be recognized by the federal government and that their rights as Indian people would be protected.

“You are fools to make yourself slaves to a piece of fat bacon, some hard-tack and a little sugar and coffee *Sitting Bull “…to Christianize and civilize the Indian and to train him in the arts and peace” *President U.S. Grant

Conquest of the Apache The Apache seem to have been present in the Southwest since at least the 17th century. They developed a reputation as fierce warriors to whom raiding, particularly in Mexico, was a part of life. Of all the Indian foes the U.S. Army had to contend with, the Apache may have been the most difficult.

Conquest of the Apache At First relative peace with the US Govt. Mangas Coloradas 1860’s Cochise— Mangas‘s Son in Law Naiche, and the warrior Geronimo carried on the Apache Wars Geronimo—captured 1886

Missoula history Quiz Missoula pre history? Why did settlers come to Missoula? Early industries Why did Hellgate become Missoula? Grant Creek vs. Rattlesnake Creek Why was it important that the RR came to Missoula? Why slant streets?

Salish, Kootenai, Pend d'Oreille, Blackfeet, and Shoshone tribes Salish, Kootenai, Pend d'Oreille, Blackfeet, and Shoshone tribes. Located at the confluence of five mountain valleys, the Missoula Valley was heavily traversed by local and distant native tribes that periodically went to the Eastern Montana plains in search of bison, leading to inevitable conflict. The narrow valley at Missoula's eastern entrance was so strewn with human bones from repeated ambushes that French fur trappers would later refer to this area as "Porte d' Enfer," translated as "Hell's Gate".

Hellgate Village, 1860, located around a trading post set up by C. P Hellgate Village, 1860, located around a trading post set up by C.P. Higgins and Frank Worden, four miles west of present-day Higgins Avenue along the Mullan Road.  1865-- Higgins and Worden started Missoula Mills and moved the Worden and Company Store into the new town. Most of the inhabitants of Hellgate Village soon followed. 

This drawing of Missoula Flour and Saw Mills appeared in the October 1867 issue of Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. Today, only the millstone remains, displayed in Caras Park with a historical placque.

Chief Joseph: “The Red Napoleon” Chief Looking Glass

1877 NEZ PERCE TRAIL 1170 MILES

TRANSCONTINENTAL RR & FEDERAL LAND GRANTS, 1850-1900

ORIGINAL RANGE FOR BISON/BUFFALO CURRENT RANGE

General Facts About the Dawes Act The Dawes Act, also known as the General Allotment Act, was created by and named after Henry Dawes, a Massachusetts congressman. The act was approved on February 8, 1887. The Dawes Act was the major Indian Policy up until the 1930s. Assimilation- The Americanizing of Native Americans

Make a timeline of the important historical events History Make a timeline of the important historical events What Did the Act do for Natives and White Settlers? Native Americans Provided the Native Americans with 160 acres of land for each family Forced many Native Americans off of their land and on to worse plots of land Sent Native settlers' children to boarding schools White Settlers Provided the White Settlers with much more land

SOME NATIVE TRIBES HAVE A LONG HISTORY OF FARMING SOME INDIAN LAND IS VERY POOR FOR FARMING! SOME NATIVE TRIBES HAVE A LONG HISTORY OF FARMING

THE DAWES ACT INTTENDED TO FORCE ASSIMILATION

ASSIMILATION OR ETHNOCIDE?

KILL THE INDIAN; SAVE THE MAN

CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL

The Settlement resolves claims that the federal government violated its trust duties to individual Indian trust beneficiaries. : Historical Accounting Claims state that the federal government violated its trust duties by not providing a proper historical accounting relating to IIM accounts and other trust assets. 2. Trust Administration Claims include: *Fund Administration Claims state that the federal government violated its trust duties *and mismanaged individual Indian trust funds. *Land Administration Claims state that the federal government violated its trust responsibilities for management of land, oil, natural gas, mineral, timber, grazing, and other resources. The federal government denies all these claims. It says it has no legal responsibility for these claims and owes nothing to the Class Members.

COBELL LAWSUIT Her case revolved around the mishandling of a century of money held by the government in trust accounts for lands allotted to individual Indians. During the case, decades of concern over negligent bookkeeping turned out to be just the tip of the iceberg. In many cases the government had kept shoddy records, or none at all.

COBELL LAWSUIT It’s important that people know why the money is coming in: it was money managed in trust by the government, to account for properly, and they didn’t do it… It’s a settlement for a grievous wrong that been done over a 100-plus years.”

COBELL SETTLEMENT. IS IT SUPPORTIVE OF TRADITIONAL AMERICAN VALUES? “I remember her determination and grit,” McAllister told Windspeaker. “She was always very proud of being a Native. “One of the tribes gave her eagle feathers... That was a great honour to her. The eagle feathers were given by that tribe only to warriors; it was rare, as a woman, even to get eagle feathers. She was very proud of that recognition.”

Open Notes Assessment Individual assignment: 1. How do you define a massacre? Give detail and examples which support your answer. 2. Identify and describe 3-4 reasons for the destruction of tribal life 3. Describe the legal justification for the Cobell Lawsuit? Is the holding supportive of traditional democratic values?