Energy & Its Impact on Global Society Jerome K. Williams, Ph.D. Saint Leo University Dept. Mathematics & Sciences

Chapter 7: Energy from Fossil Fuels Resources & Terminology Coal Oil Natural Gas Future Sources of Fossil Fuels

Resources & Terminology 85% commercial energy resources used in world come from fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) Supply of fossil fuels is running out

Resources & Terminology To Categorize types of oil reserves, one uses a McKelvey Diagram

Resources & Terminology Reserves are defined as those resources that are well known through geological exploration and are recoverable at current prices Proven reserves Indicated reserves Inferred reserves

Table 7.1. World and United States Proven Reserves 2016 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (June 2017) Table 7.1. World and United States Proven Reserves 2016 Resource World United States Oil 1707 x 109 bbl 48.0 x 109 bbl Natural Gas 6589 x 1012 cf 308 x 1012 cf Coal 1.14 x 1012 tons 0.25 x 1012 tons Nuclear 5.92 x 108 tons oil 1.92 x 108 tons oil

Coal World’s most abundant fuel US called “Saudi Arabia” of Coal Coal resources: 3 trillion tons 80% total fossil fuel reserves in US 23% of US energy needs (electricity)

Coal Classification or Ranks Coal: based on carbon content found in coal Lignite Subbituminous Bituminous Anthracite

Table 7.3. World and United States Proven Reserves 2008 Source: US Geological Survey Bulletin, 1412 (1975) Table 7.3. World and United States Proven Reserves 2008 Rank Carbon (%) Energy Content (Btu/lb) Lignite 30 5,000-7,000 Subbituminous 40 8,000-10,000 Bituminous 50-70 11,000-15,000 Anthracite 90 14,000

Coal Coal Extraction: Strip Mining Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euhbkoFik_8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbUV7i3KEME

Coal Extracting Coal: Strip Mining & Ramifications Environmental Social Economic Political

Oil World appetite for oil continues to grow (2009) 86 MBPD consumption per day US consumes 25% of this total; 57% imported oil Oil use dates back to Biblical times & has been used by many cultures (e.g., heating, lighting, medicine, roads)

Oil Petroleum is complex mixture of hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon and hydrogen) Contents: crude oil, natural gas and semi-solids Originates from decay of organic material, usually marine life that is buried over many millions of years under ocean sediment

Oil Petroleum’s use dates back to Biblical times; applications found in many cultures heating, lighting, medicine, waterproofing, roads By-products isolated by refining process. Heat mixture and pass it into large fractionating tower where separation by boiling point occurs

Oil Products from tower are further treated to produce end use items like gasoline, diesel oil, jet fuel, heating oil, etc.

Oil Search for oil is getting harder due to most large land deposits are already known Most increases in US reserves expected to come from offshore drilling; makes sense due to petroleum originating from decaying marine matter

Oil Challenges to Offshore Exploration Environmental Political Economic

Natural Gas Mixture of light hydrocarbons, primarily methane Formed from decayed organic matter Categorized as nonassociated gas or associated gas

Natural Gas Pipeline system required to transport gas (US: 300,000 miles pipeline) Advantages: Relatively inexpensive compared to gasoline Cleaner-burning fuel (less CO2 released) Readily available

Natural Gas Uses: Space heating Water heating Fuel (industrial boilers, electricity producing gas turbines, and chemical feedstock)

Natural Gas World Reserves: 6200 tcf 60 year window (assume Rate = 108 tcf/year) Russia, Iran, Qatar have largest reserves US: 50% natural gas found in Gulf Coast region

Natural Gas Advances in Technology have allowed US to find and use indicated reserves of natural gas: New drilling techniques (Hydraulic fracturing) Gas Hydrates found underneath oceans & in permafrost of Arctic Transportation difficulty overcome by shipping natural gas in liquid state (called liquefied natural gas or LNG)

Future Sources of Fossil Fuels Gasification of Coal Liquefaction of Coal Oil Shale (US) Tar Sands or Oil Sands (Canada)

Problems 1, 3, 4, 6