Measurement of Displacement, temperature & time 9/14/2018 Session - 5 Measurement of Displacement, temperature & time

Displacement A displacement is vector that is the shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body. or A displacement of a body is the distance moved by the body in a specified direction. 9/14/2018

Displacement Linear displacement 9/14/2018

Displacement A linear displacement typically has units of millimetre or inch and a negative or positive direction associated with it. The linear displacement is represented in x-y co-ordinates. 9/14/2018

Displacement Applications of linear displacement measurement pick-and-place PCB assembly equipment robotics machine tools gear measurement tension testers coordinate-measuring machines laser scanners callipers Servo controlled motion systems printers and digital presses 9/14/2018

Displacement When an object is moved on a curved or circular path then this change in its position from initial to final state is known as angular displacement. An angular displacement generally mentioned in either radian or degree. The angular displacement is represented in polar co-ordinates. 9/14/2018

Displacement Angular displacement 9/14/2018

Displacement Applications of Angular displacement measurement Pedal Position sensing Steering Wheel Position sensing Motor-shaft Position sensing Throttle Position sensing Float-Level sensing Ride Height Position sensing Transmission gearbox encoder Headlight position control Torque sensing Valve position sensing Power seat position sensing Power mirror position sensing Flow meters Robotics 9/14/2018

Commonly used displacement measurement instruments you come across

Displacement 9/14/2018

Displacement 9/14/2018

Displacement 9/14/2018

Displacement 9/14/2018

Displacement Dial gauge 9/14/2018

Displacement VARIABLE RESISTANCE: The Potentiometer 9/14/2018

Displacement 9/14/2018

Displacement LVDT 9/14/2018

Temperature Temperature may be defined as the: Degree of hotness and coldness of the body or an environment measured on a definite scale 9/14/2018

Measure of the mean kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance Temperature Or Measure of the mean kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance 9/14/2018

Driving force or potential causing the flow of energy as heat Temperature or Driving force or potential causing the flow of energy as heat 9/14/2018

Temperature Temperature is an intensive quantity independent of the size of the system. 9/14/2018

Temperature Below are different Temperature scales which are commonly used & their conversion: 9/14/2018

Guess the Necessity of temperature measurement in our day to day life 9/14/2018

Liquid Solid Gas Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 1. Change in dimensions Liquid Solid Gas 9/14/2018

Liquid Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 1. Change in dimensions Liquid Mercury thermo- meter 9/14/2018

Solid Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 1. Change in dimensions Bi metallic strip thermo meter Solid 9/14/2018

Temperature Gas Temperature measurement techniques 1. Change in dimensions Gas thermometer Gas 9/14/2018

Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 2. Change in electrical resistance of materials Variation in temperature results change in electrical conductivity of conductors (metals). Example: RTD 9/14/2018

Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 2. Change in electrical resistance of materials 9/14/2018

Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 2. Change in electrical resistance of materials 9/14/2018

Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 2. Change in electrical resistance of materials Variation in temperature results change in electrical conductivity of semi conductors. Example: thermistor, diode, integrated circuits. 9/14/2018

Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 2. Change in electrical resistance of materials 9/14/2018

Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 3. Change in the intensity and colour All bodies above absolute zero temperature emit radiation wave length and colour depends upon its temperature. Example: optical pyrometer 9/14/2018

Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 3. Change in the intensity and colour 9/14/2018

Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 4. Thermo electric emf An emf generated across the terminals of a thermocouple is function of junction temperature. Example: thermocouple, thermopile. 9/14/2018

Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 4. Thermo electric emf 9/14/2018

Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 5. Change in chemical phase of certain materials Fusible materials consist of crystalline solids. When heated, a temperature will be reached in which the solids change sharply to a liquid. Example: crayons, pellets 9/14/2018

Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 5. Change in chemical phase of certain materials 9/14/2018

Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 5. Change in chemical phase of certain materials 9/14/2018

Time The fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event. 9/14/2018

Time Or A non spatial continuum that is measured in terms of events which succeed one another from past through present to future. 9/14/2018

Time The second (symbol: s) (abbreviated s or sec) is the base unit of time in the International System of Units. Second is duration needed for a cesium-133 atom to perform 9,192,631,770 complete oscillations. 9/14/2018

Time 1. Sundials and Obelisks One type of shadow clock consisted of a long stem with five variable marks and an elevated crossbar which cast a shadow over those marks. It was positioned eastward in the morning, and was turned west at noon. 9/14/2018

Time 2. Hour glass An hourglass (sandglass, sand timer, sand clock, egg timer) measures the passage of a few minutes or an hour of time. It has two connected vertical glass bulbs allowing a regulated trickle of material from the top to the bottom. Once the top bulb is empty, it can be inverted to begin timing again. 9/14/2018

Time 3. Clepsydra A water clock or clepsydra is a timepiece in which time is measured by the regulated flow of liquid into (inflow type) or out from (outflow type) a vessel where the amount is then measured. 9/14/2018

Time 4. Candle clock A candle clock is a thin candle with consistently spaced markings (usually with numbers), that when burned, indicate the passage of periods of time. 9/14/2018

Time 5. chronometer 9/14/2018

Time 6. Quartz Oscillators A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits. 9/14/2018

Time 7. Atomic Clocks 9/14/2018

Time 7. Atomic Clocks Atomic clock, type of clock that uses certain resonance frequencies of atoms (usually cesium or rubidium) to keep time with extreme accuracy. The electronic components of atomic clocks are regulated by the frequency of the microwave electromagnetic radiation. Only when this radiation is maintained at a highly specific frequency will it induce the quantum transition (energy change) of the cesium or rubidium atoms. In an atomic clock these quantum transitions are observed and maintained in a feedback loop that trims the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation; like the recurrent events in other types of clocks, these waves are then counted. 9/14/2018

THE END 9/14/2018 K L U