Genetics Review.

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Presentation transcript:

Genetics Review

An x-ray photo was a key to DNA's discovery (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) With the help of the x-ray photo above (taken by Franklin), Watson & Crick developed the model for DNA’s structure.

A double helix is shaped like a twisted ladder.

The bases pair up to make the code that controls traits A sequence of nitrogen bases (A’s,T’s, C’s & G’s) make up the genetic code for a trait.

Miscoded DNA is a Mutation “Good Mutations” are called Adaptations! Mutation can cause birth defects in newborns that frequently results in death Mutation of DNA causes cancer and other diseases. “Good Mutations” are called Adaptations!

Exposure to CHEMICALS or RADIATION What Causes Mutation? Exposure to CHEMICALS or RADIATION

A trait is controlled by long series of base pairs that make up a single GENE. A CHROMOSOME is a bunch of genes twisted tightly together. Both Genes and Chromosomes are made of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA).

Hair color and tongue-rolling can both be inherited traits. Traits are characteristics that can be inherited from your parents or acquired later. Hair color and tongue-rolling can both be inherited traits. BUT… some traits like hair color could be acquired after birth and not passed on to offspring.

(In sexual reproduction) 2 Genes for EVERY Trait (In sexual reproduction) You get a gene from Mom and one from Dad for each of your traits, EVERY TRAIT.

Gregor Mendel The “Father of Genetics” Worked with Pea Plants Developed the Law of Dominance.

Law of Dominance (True for all sexually reproducing species) 2 genes, one from mom and one from dad control each trait. In hybrids the dominant gene is expressed so the offspring gets the dominant trait and the recessive trait is hidden. The dominant trait usually shows in more individuals  

Using Punnett Squares to Predict Heredity Freckles are a dominant trait in humans. Cross a pure dominant with a pure recessive in a Punnett square. F F f F f F f F f F f All offspring boxes have hybrid genotypes so ALL of their kids will have the dominant trait (Freckles).

Using Punnett Squares to Predict Heredity F f Freckles are a dominant trait in humans. Cross a hybrid with a hybrid in a Punnett square. F f F F F f F f f f FF or Ff ff ONLY! 3 of 4 offspring boxes have a dominant gene in them so 75% of the kids will have freckles. The other 25% has none.

Purebred TT BB RR rr tt bb Genotype with 2 of the same genes. Homozygous means the same. TT BB RR rr tt bb All of these are purebred (homozygous) because the two paired genes match.

Hybrid Tt Bb Rr Genotype with 2 different genes. Heterozygous means not the same. Tt Bb Rr All of these are hybrid (heterozygous) because the two paired genes don’t match.

Incomplete Dominance (or Codominance) Neither gene is stronger. The traits mix. 2 capital letters are used Happens with cattle, flowers & our skin color.

Incomplete Dominance or Codominance Punnett Square W W R R W R W Fill in offspring boxes! Do a Punnett square for a pure red cow mated or crossed with a pure white bull whose color is controlled incomplete dominance. R W R W All offspring will be HYBRID ROANS

Genotype TT BB RR rr tt bb Tt Bb Rr Describes genes Uses caps & lower case letters TT BB RR rr tt bb Tt Bb Rr

Phenotype Describes what the trait looks Red-eyed Brown-eyed Tall Tall (Wild) (Sepia) Tall Tall Short TT tt Tt Hybrid Genotype Purebred Genotypes For For RR or Rr rr (only) Genotypes Genotype

Labridore Retriever Coat Color Pedigree Charts They are like family trees They track one trait through a family. How many generations of dogs are in this chart? How many pups did the first generation have? How many of those were black labs? How many great-grandpups did they have? Labridore Retriever Coat Color Male Female Dark Coat Light Coat

Asexual Reproduction Only one parent is needed. One set of DNA is used

Offspring from Asexual Reproduction All DNA is exactly the same as the parent. (except mutations) Every offspring is exactly like the parent.

Budding A form of asexual reproduction The parent grows a body part that falls off to become a clone.

Runners & Chutes Plant parts that asexually produce offspring

Regeneration A part broken or cut off grows back can be asexual reproduction

Mitosis Cell division, one cell divides into 2. DNA copied, Chromosomes line up in the middle. split to each side. cell then divides.

Growth in Multi-cellular Organisms Can only happen if asexual reproduction occurs. Bigger organisms have more cells

Sexual Reproduction 2 parents, 2 sets of genes combine during fertilization

Offspring of Sexual Reproduction They have different traits (variation) A combination of traits from both parents.

Determining Gender Eggs can only have x chromosomes ½ of sperms have y’s and the other ½ have x chromosomes Female X sperm with x egg Male y sperm with x egg

Gametes Sex cells (sperm or egg) Gametes are made by the process of Meiosis

Number of Chromosomes Gametes have ½ as many chromosomes Humans have 46 chromosomes in body cells and only 23 in their gametes

Variation Differences between members of the same species

Cloning Clones made by putting DNA from an individual put into an egg cell that had its DNA taken out. Clones have only 1 set of DNA May be able to replace damaged or diseased organs and/or cure diseases

Twins (Multiple Births) Identical twins come from the same egg and sperm so their DNA is the same. Fraternal twins come from 2 eggs and two sperm cell so they have different DNA and traits

Genetic Engineering Changing DNA to get new traits.

Selective Breeding Choosing parents with traits we want in the offspring.

Adaptation in Asexually Reproducing Organisms All of them are the same. There is no variation to adapt.

Adaptation in Sexually Reproducing Organisms Some variation from sexual reproduction allows them to survive the changes in the environment

Competition The struggle to get limited resources needed for survival

Natural Selection Survival of the fittest. Best adapted organisms pass on their genes.

Evolution Change in a species over many generations

Causes of Evolution Good variations allow for survival and change the species over time. Natural selection eliminates weaker organisms.

Extinction Organisms that don’t adapt to changes in their environment go extinct. dinosaurs, mammoths, dodos, passenger pigeons, Tasmanian tigers