Cold War and the Third World

What is the “Third World” ? The developing nations of Africa, Asia and Latin America, generally less economically advanced

What happened between 1946 and 1960 in the Third World? 37 new countries emerged Blue represents 1st World Red 2nd world Green 3rd World Today called Core and Periphery (Haves and Have nots)

Why did third world countries become a new cold war battleground? Gaining independence from colonial rule Not loyal to communism or democracy

US Interests Why? Natural resources Markets for US products Containment Allies to defend against Communism Conditions perfect for communism

Eisenhower and Dulles Self determination of developing world = Revolutions directed by Soviet Union Revolutions would result in communist nations throughout the Southern Hemisphere Eisenhower and Dulles believed that emerging nations quest for self-determination (self rule) was really revolutions directed by the Soviet Union

Why was it difficult to win loyalty? Third World Views Why was it difficult to win loyalty? Just got rid of one outside ruler, no desire for another Resentment of US wealth US often sides with wealthy in emerging nations, not the common people Support regimes that are anti-communist, but not in the best interests of the people. Often dictatorial and oppressive

What methods did the US use to win loyalty of the 3rd World? Foreign Aid Schools Farming Medical Care CIA

CIA Powers Presidential Action without Congressional Approval Unlimited Spending Prop up European Democracies Covert Operations Assassinations Bribery of Public Officials Secret Armies

CIA and IRAN CIA’s first attempt to overthrow a government Shah – young and insecure Problem – Iranian hatred of British owned Anglo-Persian Oil Company

Who steps forward to lead? Dr. Mohammad Mossadeg 1951 becomes Prime Minister Nationalizes Oil Fields

British Reaction? Refuse payment offer Shut down refineries Stop buying Iranian Oil Convince others to do same *Iran’s economy slips toward bankruptcy

CIA Operation Eisenhower believes Iran perfect breeding ground for communism Orders CIA Agent Kim Roosevelt to overthrow Mossadeg

What isAJAX Get rid of Mossedeg – He has Oil Bring Shah back – He’s ally of US CIA and Shah’s men clash with Mossedeg supporters 400 dead or injured Mossadeg surrenders

What are the results of the CIA Plot? Shah returns Oil Companies split profits with Shah Plants seeds of Iranian hatred of US

Egypt declares Independence from Britain War in Egypt What happens in 1953? Egypt declares Independence from Britain

What does Egypt Demand? Control of Suez Canal from British 75% of Western Europe’s oil shipped through canal $25 M in annual profits from tolls General Nasser

US Tries to Influence Egypt US offers loan to build dam Egypt makes arms deal with Soviets US cancels loan Egypt seizes canal Israel, Britain, France invade Egypt to capture canal US calls for UN resolution condemning attacks Eisenhower and Dulles fear action will drive middle east into Soviet camp and threaten vital oil resources. Without US support US, GB, FR and Isreal pull out

Results of Suez Incident? Suez Canal returned to Egypt Opened Middle East to Soviets Revealed weaknesses in Western Europe & Pulled U.S. deeper into Middle Eastern Affairs Eisenhower Doctrine - US promises economic and military aid to pro-Western governments Soviets side with Egyptian nationalist and eventually built Nassars Dam Revealed weaknesses in Western Camp – before US could try and work out a solution to the crisis – FR,GB, Israel invade

U.S. and Latin America U.S. Companies Control more than $7B in natural resources Strip economies of wealth and profits Masses live in poverty

U.S. in Cuba U.S. Control 90% of Cuban mines, ranches & oil U.S. Controls 50% sugar crop U.S. Control 3 million acres of Land

Cuban Revolution 1952 Fulgencio Batista overthrew Cuban government 1958 Castro leads group of peasants and middle class Cubans in revolt

Castro Demands control of American properties U.S. Refuses Castro turns to Soviets for economic help 1961 Castro Seizes all American business and signs trade agreement with USSR

Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 CIA plot to overthrow Castro Secret force of anti-Castro Cubans lead invasion (La Brigada) Land at Bay of Pigs Boats hit coral reefs Kennedy cancelled air support All forces killed or captures American Plot exposed - Kennedy looks weak

Operation Mongoose? Interrupt Cuban Trade Raids by Exiles Plot to overthrow Castro Invasion of Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis October 14, 1962 U-2 Spy Plan discovers Soviet Missiles in Cuba Missiles capable of reaching U.S.

Kennedy Options Negotiation – ruled out Bombing Missile Sites Invading Cuba Naval Blockade

Kennedy announces to Americans October 22, 1962 Naval Blockage of Cuba U.S. at Brink of War

Cuban Missile Crisis Khruscheve agrees to remove missiles US must agree never to attack Cuba Soviet Union demands removal of US missiles from Turkey

Cuban Missile Results Embarrassment for Khrushchev - looses power replaced by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964 Kennedy – gains power and prestige US and USSR admit importance of negotiation: Hot Line installed Nuclear Arms race continued to escalate but in 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Signed Cuba remained Communist – America left it alone

Explain the significance of two U. S Explain the significance of two U.S. actions that caused the Cuban Missile Crisis Describe one event that led to the escalation of the crisis Explain the impact on U.S.- Soviet relations