LE 7-2-0 PARIETAL BONE FRONTAL BONE Cranial bones TEMPORAL BONE SPHENOID Facial bones ETHMOID OCCIPITAL BONE Cranial bones LACRIMAL BONE NASAL BONE VOMER Occipital bone 1 Maxillae 2 ZYGOMATIC BONE Parietal bones 2 Palatine bones 2 MAXILLA Auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones (detailed in Chapter 17) Hyoid bone 1 Frontal bone 1 Nasal bones 2 6 Temporal bones 2 Inferior nasal conchae 2 Sphenoid 1 MANDIBLE Zygomatic bones 2 Ethmoid 1 Lacrimal bones 2 Vomer 1 Facial bones Mandible 1

LE 7-2-2 Cranial bones Facial bones PARIETAL BONE FRONTAL BONE SPHENOID ETHMOID TEMPORAL BONE LACRIMAL BONE OCCIPITAL BONE NASAL BONE ZYGOMATIC BONE Cranial bones MAXILLA MANDIBLE Facial bones

LE 7-3-ac OCCIPITAL BONE Sagittal suture Sagittal suture TEMPORAL BONE PARIETAL BONE (left) PARIETAL BONE (right) PARIETAL BONE (right) PARIETAL BONE (left) Sagittal suture OCCIPITAL BONE TEMPORAL BONE Coronal suture FRONTAL BONE ZYGOMATIC BONE NASAL BONES MANDIBLE Superior view Posterior view Coronal suture FRONTAL BONE PARIETAL BONE SPHENOID NASAL BONE TEMPORAL BONE LACRIMAL BONE ETHMOID OCCIPITAL BONE External acoustic meatus MAXILLA ZYGOMATIC BONE Mastoid process Styloid process MANDIBLE Zygomatic process of temporal bone Zygomatic arch Temporal process of zygomatic bone Lateral view

FRONTAL BONE MAXILLA ZYGOMATIC BONE PALATINE BONE VOMER SPHENOID LE 7-3e FRONTAL BONE MAXILLA ZYGOMATIC BONE VOMER PALATINE BONE SPHENOID Zygomatic arch Styloid process External acoustic meatus TEMPORAL BONE Mastoid process OCCIPITAL BONE Foramen magnum Inferior view

PARIETAL BONE Coronal suture ETHMOID FRONTAL BONE SPHENOID LE 7-3d PARIETAL BONE Coronal suture ETHMOID FRONTAL BONE SPHENOID TEMPORAL BONE PALATINE BONE LACRIMAL BONE ZYGOMATIC BONE Mastoid process of temporal bone NASAL BONE Middle nasal concha (part of ethmoid) MAXILLA Inferior nasal concha MANDIBLE VOMER Mental Formen Anterior view

Spinous process of vertebra prominens Cervical vertebrae C1 C2 C3 C4 LE 7-19a C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Spinous process of vertebra prominens C7 Cervical vertebrae

Dens of axis Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) LE 7-19d Dens of axis Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) The atlas–axis complex

Thoracic vertebrae, lateral view LE 7-20a T1 T2 T3 Intervertebral foramen T4 T5 T6 Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12) T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 Thoracic vertebrae, lateral view

LE 7-21a L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 Sacrum Coccyx

LE 7-18c Spinous process Vertebral body Inferior view

Spinous process Intervertebral disc Transverse proces Vertebral body LE 7-18d Spinous process Intervertebral disc Transverse proces Vertebral body Posterior view

LE 7-22c Sacral foramina Apex Coccyx Anterior surface

LE 7-23 T1 Manubrium Sternum Body True ribs (ribs 1–7) Xiphoid process 4 5 T11 10 6 T12 11 7 Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) 12 8 9 False ribs (ribs 8–12) Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) Anterior view C7 1 T1 2 1 T2 2 3 T3 3 4 T4 4 5 T5 5 True ribs (ribs 1–7) 6 T6 6 7 T7 7 8 T8 8 T9 9 T10 9 10 T11 10 11 False ribs (ribs 8–12) T12 11 12 12 L1 Posterior view

Coracoid process Anterior view LE 8-3a Acromion Coracoid process Body Anterior view

Coracoid process Lateral view LE 8-3b Acromion Coracoid process Lateral view

Coracoid process Posterior view LE 8-3c Coracoid process Acromion Spine Body Posterior view

Scapula Clavicle LATERAL MEDIAL Superior view Acromial end LATERAL Anterior view Inferior view

LE 8-4 Greater tubercle Head Greater tubercle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Trochlea Condyle Anterior surface Posterior surface

LE 8-5 Olecranon Radial head Proximal radioulnar joint Radial notch tuberosity ULNA ULNA RADIUS Distal radioulnar joint Styloid process of ulna Styloid process of radius Posterior view Anterior view

RADIUS Lunate Scaphoid Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate LE 8-6b RADIUS ULNA Lunate Scaphoid Triquetrum Trapezium Pisiform Trapezoid Hamate I Capitate V IV III II Metacarpal bones Proximal phalange Middle phalange Distal phalange Posterior view

Right coxal bone, lateral view LE 8-7a Ilium POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Ischium Pubis Iliac crest Acetabulum Obturator foramen Right coxal bone, lateral view

LE 8-8a SACRUM COCCYX ILIUM PUBIS Coxal bone (Figure 8–7) ISCHIUM Iliac crest Iliac crest L5 ILIUM SACRUM PUBIS Acetabulum Pubic symphysis ISCHIUM Obturator foramen Anterior view

Ischial spine or less or more Male Female LE 8-10 Ischial spine 100° 90° 100° or less or more Male Female

LE 8-11a Neck Femoral head Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Lateral condyle Medial condyle Anterior surface

LE 8-13a Lateral tibial condyle Medial tibial condyle Head of fibula Medial malleolus (tibia) Lateral malleolus (fibula) Anterior view

LE 8-14 Metatarsal bones Medial cuneiform Navicular Talus Calcaneus Phalanges Calcaneus Talus tarsals Navicular Lateral Intermediate Medial Medial view, right foot Cuneiform bones V IV III II I Proximal phalange Metatarsal bones Middle phalange Distal phalange Proximal phalange Distal phalange Hallux Superior view, right foot

Fibrous Joints Held together by fibrous connective tissue (not Fibrous cartilage!!!!! Allow no movement 3 types- Suture – between bones in the skull Syndesmoses- like a ligament between the tibia and fibula or radius and ulna Gomphoses – hold the teeth to the jaw

Cartilaginous Joints Held together by cartilage!!!!!!!!!! 2 types: Synchondroses – held together by hyaline cartilage. Best example is the ribs held to the sternum Symphysis – held together by fibrous cartilage. Best examples are the pubic symphysis between the two coxal bones and the intervertebral disk that hold together the vertebrae

Synovial Joint Bones are freely movable Bones are covered by articular cartilage Bones have: Articular cavity- surrounds while joint and encloses fluid Synovial fluid- reduces friction Articular disks or menisci- pads of fibrocartilage for extra cushioning ( only found in a few joints)

Types of synovial joints 1. Planar- gliding side to side Intercarpals, intertarsal, sternoclavicular 2. Hinge- concave/convex surface all angular opening Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal 3. Pivot- pointed or rounded surface that articulates with a ring Atlas/axis, radioulnar

4. Condyloid-convex suface fits into a convace and allows side to side AND up and down movements Writs, metacarpal/phalangeal 5. Caddle- saddle shaped bone allows same as condyloid but with greater range of motion Metacarpal/trapezium of thumb 6. Ball and socket- call life shape fits into cup. Allows widest range of motion Shoulder and hio

Extension Flexion Hyperextension Flexion Flexion Hyperextension LE 9-3a Extension Flexion Hyperextension Flexion Flexion Hyperextension Extension Extension Flexion Hyperextension Extension

LE 9-3b Abduction Adduction Abduction Adduction Abduction Adduction

LE 9-3c Adduction Abduction

LE 9-3d Circumduction

Head rotation Right rotation Left rotation Supination Pronation Lateral (external) rotation Medial (internal) rotation Supination Pronation

LE 9-5-1 Eversion Inversion

Plantar flexion (ankle extenion) Dorsiflexion (ankle flexion) Plantar flexion (ankle extenion)

LE 9-5-4 Retraction Protraction

LE 9-5-5 Depression Elevation