Topics Eukaryotes from Prokaryotes Aspects of diversity – Ecology and economy Early classification New classification – 5 Eukaryotic Super Groups - Clades Major representatives of 5 super groups

Position of Protista in Biodiversity Ch. 26 – Protists Ch 23 -p. 478 & 481. Position of Protista in Biodiversity

How did Eukaryotes evolve? Ch. 26 – Protists p. 536 How did Eukaryotes evolve?

Kingdom - Protista Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular and aquatic Ch. 26, Protists pp. 533-535. Kingdom - Protista Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular and aquatic Some - colonial (loosely connected cells) Some - simple multicellular bodies without “specialized tissues” Very diverse informal Kingdom – diverse in structure, locomotion, reproductive strategies, nutrition, life styles, habitats, life histories etc. Three conventional groups Protozoa Algae Water molds and slime molds

Ch. 26, Protists pp. 533-537. Diversity Structure: Number of nuclei, types of organelles, cell surfaces Locomotion: Amoeboid, cilliary, flagellar, combined Reproduction: Mostly asexual, sexual too (syngamy) Nutrition: Algae - mostly photoautotrophic, others - saprobic, heterotrophic, facultatively heterotrophic Lifestyles: Free living, symbiotic (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism), pathogenic Habitats: Fresh water, marine, planktons, damp terrestrial Life Histories: Polyphyletic group

Five monophyletic eukaryote groups Ch. 26, Protists p. 537. Five monophyletic eukaryote groups Protists are a complex polyphyletic group related to several other kingdoms – ultrastructural and molecular data help classify. Study 26-1 table (p.542)

Excavates Deep (excavated) oral groove Zooflagellates Dipolomonads Ch. 26, Protists p. 538-540. Excavates Deep (excavated) oral groove Zooflagellates Dipolomonads Giardia intestinalis – backpacker’s diarrhea Parabasalids Euglenoids Trypanosomes Trypanosoma brucei African sleeping sickness Mytochondria - atypical - anaerobic - glycolysis only

Ch. 26, Protists pp. 540-547. Chromalveolates Alveolates - dianoflagellates, apicomplexans and ciliates Stramenopiles - water molds, diatoms, golden algae and brown algae

Plasmodium life cycle Ronald Ross Both parasite and Ch. 26, Protists pp. 541-542. Plasmodium life cycle Ronald Ross Both parasite and vector – now resistant to drugs & pesticides Chloroquine and other drugs used together Spore-forming parasites of animals Malaria - Plasmodium falciparum - The most prevalent serious disease in the world Proliferates in the liver and RBCs Has developed drug resistance

Water molds – has a mycelium like in fungi – Phytophthora spp. Ch. 26, Protists pp. 543-547. Water molds – has a mycelium like in fungi – Phytophthora spp. Diatoms (Bacillariphyta), golden algae (Chrysophyta) and Brown algae (Phaeophyta) – most are biflagellate one with hair-like projections Discuss ecological and economical significance

Ch. 26, Protists pp. 547-548. Rhizarians

Archaeplastids Ch. 26, Protists pp. 548-549. Double membrane bound chloroplasts and molecular similarity Red algae – (Rhodophyta) food, food thickeners, agar Green algae – (Chlorophyta) chl. a, b and carotenoids – ancestors of land plants

Unikonts Amoebozoans – amoebas and slime molds – pseudopods Ch. 25, Protists pp. 549-553. Unikonts Amoebozoans – amoebas and slime molds – pseudopods Entamoeba histolitica – cyst forming human parasite – amoebic dysentery Opisthokonts Choanoflagellates, fungi and animals - posterior single flagellum or no flagellum Chonoflagellates – ancestors of animals