Non-State Policing Forms: The Private Security Lecture 14 April 5th/ 2013

Final Exam Date: Saturday, April 13th Where: Gym A Time: 2-5pm Chapters: 5 (omitted sections: The computer-Aided system, Patrol car response times, Policing Multineeds populations)

Final Exam Chapter 6: (omitted parts: Issues in the Police use of force: page 152-161) Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9: (omitted: page 231-241) Chapter 11: (omitted: Police officer attitude… Page 288-299)

Final Exam 30-35 MC 12-15 short answer questions= 25-30 marks Essay question=20 marks Bring in your student card/ID. I will have office hours Friday, Dec. 7th from 11am-2pm.

Final Exam Essay Question: Define ‘risk society’. As a part of your answer define all of the relevant concepts in this theory (i.e. neo-liberalism, responsibilization strategy, expert knowledge). What are the implications of ‘risk society’ on public police. Your answer should include a detail discussion of how the notion of ‘risk’ has given rise to private police in recent years and its implications for the public police.

The Expansion of Private Security “No longer is policing the sole purview of the uniformed municipal, provincial or federal police officer”. (Law reform Commission of Canada, 2006,1) And “Canada is experiencing a transformation in how policing services are delivered and understood…. Policing is carried out by a network of public police and private security that is often overlapping, complementary and mutually supportive.”

The Expansion of Private Security Cont’d Some scholars have stated that this transformation of policing is, perhaps, as significant as the creation of the first police forces in England back in 1829. Pluralization of policing: the expansion of policing beyond the public police to include parapolice and private security (Bayley & Shearing)

What are the changes? Now, the private security officers are providing services once performed solely by provincial and municipal police services. Private security officers now outnumber police officers in Canada by a ratio of 3:1. In Ontario as of January 2006, there were 125 security agencies, nearly 300 private investigation agencies, and about 200 agencies involved in both.

What are the changes? The number of individual licences for the personnel in these agencies increased nearly 60 percent between 1996 and 2006. Between 1991 and 2001, employment in the private security and investigative sectors grew almost five times faster than employment in Canadian industries as a whole.

Policing as an activity Policing as an activity: activities of any individual or organization acting legally on behalf of public or private organizations or persons to maintain security or social order while empowered by either public or private contract, regulations or policies, written or verbal” (Clark & Murphy, 2002)

Defining our concepts Public police: are individuals employed, trained and paid for by government whose objective is to enforce government laws (Seagrave, 1997: 2) Private police: : individuals employed by organization (bank, university, shopping malls) or an individual to serve a specific purpose (Seagrave, 1997: 2).

What the underlying conditions? Increased public concern about security and safety (the risk society) The rising cost of public policing: wages, technology, and the considerable resources required to investigate sophisticated types of criminal activity. Growth in the number of private property (residential, commercial) and this can be contributed to the neo-liberal market economy of privatization. The “responsibilization” strategy of the government; The responsibility for managing risk has shifted from the state to the individual and to the community.

Powers of Private security officers The powers to search and seizure The main role is to protect the property of the owners and they may take whatever action is necessary to do this. No system of governance and oversight commissions are in place On way to be professionalized

Public Police role in Risk Society The public police is the communicator of risk (i.e. collects and reports stats about “risky” behaviour, groups, neighbourhood and whole bunch of other stuff such as burglary, break and enters, shoplifting,…) to a number of institutions (public, private or governmental agencies)

Business Approach by Police services Developed new strategies of system integration and monitoring to improve process and information management More business-like approach – efficient and effective use of criminal justice resources, performance indicators Increasing privatization of functions, making them semi-autonomous, or using civilian groups to accomplish

Public Police role in Risk Society The public police is located within “inter-institutional networks”: institutions that are representative of diverse forms of expertise on diverse forms of risk. These agencies are all actively engage in ‘managing the risk’

Policing in Risk Society According to Ericson and Haggerty (1997) “policing consists of the public police coordinating their activities with policing agents in all other institutions (insurance, health care, community based agencies…) to provide a society-wide basis for risk management (governance) and security (guarantees against loss)” (Ericson and Haggerty 1997: 3).

Public Police role in Risk Society In risk societies communities are policed differentially by the system for policing (policing network) according to the degree of "risk" that they pose to collective life as a whole. The "riskiest" segments of the population will find themselves policed according to the "zero-tolerance" modalities of public policing that we have previously described (refer to your text for discussion of “zero-tolerance).

Public Police role in Risk Society Less risky segments of the population are enjoined to participate in their own policing (Neighbourhood watch, MADD), and subsequently governed through the "light touch" (refers to community policing initiatives such as restorative justice strategies) for so long as they prove themselves to be reasonably "non-risky".