Ravindra Kumar Verma Mohammad Rashid Dr. Neeraj phogat RC-1237 IP Addressing Ravindra Kumar Verma Mohammad Rashid Dr. Neeraj phogat RC-1237

What is an IP address? An IP Address is a 32 bit address that uniquely and universally define the connection of a device(Computer or Router) to the internet. A 32-bit binary number usually represented as 4 decimal numbers separated by a period Example: 206 . 40 . 185 . 73 11001110.00101000. 10111001.01001001

What is an IP address? Because 11111111b = 25510 Each address is 32 bits wide Valid addresses can range from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 WHY? Because 11111111b = 25510

IP Notation Binary Notation Dotted Decimal Notation Example: 01110101 10010101 00011101 00000010 Dotted Decimal Notation 117.149.29.2

The total of IPv4 is 232 =4,294,967,296 addresses are available What is an IP address? The total of IPv4 is 232 =4,294,967,296 addresses are available WHY? Because 232 = 4,294,967,29610

Two addresses in one… Each address consists of two parts The network address The host address Other systems may use more than one address (Ex: IPX)

Classful Addressing Class A – begins with 0 Class B – begins with 10 In classful addressing the address space is divided into five classes: Class A – begins with 0 00000001 (110) to 01111111 (12610) Class B – begins with 10 10000000 (12810) to 10111111 (19110) Class C – begins with 110 11000000 (19210) to 11011111 (22310)

These should not be used for host addressing Continued… Class D – begins with 1110 22410 to 23910 Reserved for multicasting Class E – begins with 1111 24010 to 25410 Reserved for future use These should not be used for host addressing

Which part belongs to the network and which part belongs to the node? Class A – XXXXXXXX.yyyyyyyy.yyyyyyyy.yyyyyyyy Class B – XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.yyyyyyyy.yyyyyyyy Class C – XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.yyyyyyyy Where X = Network and y = Node

IP Addresses* *Numbers not exact Class 1st Octet Networks Ids Host Ids 1-126 27 = 126 224 = 16M B 128-191 214 = 16K 216 = 64K C 192-223 221 = 2M 28 = 255 *Numbers not exact

There are three IP network addresses reserved for private networks 10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/12 192.168.0.0/16 These can be used by anyone setting up an internal network. Routers will never forward packets coming from these addresses.

Subnetting …can be done for a variety of reasons Organization Use of different physical media Preservation of address space Security The most common reason is to control network traffic

Subnetting In an Ethernet network, all nodes on a segment see all packets transmitted by other nodes on that segment Performance can be adversely affected under heavy traffic loads A router is used to connect IP networks to minimize the amount of traffic each segment must receive

Subnet masking Class C – 255.255.255.0 Applying a subnet mask allows you to identify the network and node parts of the address. A router will then determine whether the address is local or remote. Network bits are masked as 1s Node bits are masked as 0s Class A – 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 Class B – 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 Class C – 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Subnet masking Performing a bitwise logical AND between the IP address and the subnet mask results in the network address Ex: Class - B 140.179.240.200 10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000 Network Address = 140.179.000.000

A Few Rules… Every device on a node has a unique MAC address Every device on a node needs a unique IP address All devices on the same physical segment share a common network ID (subnet mask) Every physical segment has a unique Network ID (subnet mask)