Africa in the Post-Cold War World

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Presentation transcript:

Africa in the Post-Cold War World

Introduction ‘History has passed its sentence on colonialism, imperialism and settlerisim… We the African people of Kenya – nay Africa – are now the executors of the sentence passed by history now!’ KANU Office, Cairo, 1960

Introduction What happened? Legacies of colonialism & decolonisation Inequalities Katanga in Congo; Biafra and Nigeria Contested visions of independence Angola Divisions of wars of independence Kenya Deep effects of colonial rule Language, culture and education (Achebe & Ngugi)

Introduction What happened? Post-colonial global context of Cold War Need to access funds for development to deliver on promise of independence Preference of superpowers for stability Propping up of regimes Mobutu in Congo; Mengistu in Ethiopia; Moi in Kenya End of Cold War? End of History (Fukuyama)?

Introduction Immediate effects of the end of the Cold War War (Somalia, Zaire/DRC), peace (Namibia, South Africa, Mozambique) Longer-term effects Structural Adjustment (SAP) & democratisation: Planned economies to free markets & authoritarian rule to ‘Third Wave of Democracy (Huntington)’ Security & new economic relationships in new millennium

Origins 1970s Early 1980s World Bank’s Berg Report of 1981 Mexico 1982 Oil crises of 1973 & 1979 Early 1980s Project-based aid not working Low returns on aid Low amounts of aid World Bank’s Berg Report of 1981 More aid Internal rather than external causes of crisis Mexico 1982 Fear of default

Aims To provide loans when no other funds available Short-term Alleviate deficit Long-term Foundations for sustainable growth Required conditions

Conditionality Conditions imposed: Currencies revalued Export crops Exports Export crops Flowers Urban bias reduced Incentives for farmers Reduction of state control Public services Nationalisation Subsidies IFI supervision of budgetary process

Results Economic Social Growth? Informal economy Slowing of urbanisation Declining living standards Inequality

Results Political Corruption Reduction of state capacity Crisis of legitimacy Limited control of budgets Crisis of sovereignty

Democratisation Early 1990s Failure to deliver growth blamed on implementation Use of non-state actors (NGOs – local & international) Reform of state institutions ‘Good governance’ Good governance = multi-party elections Demand for reform from within Second Liberation

Democratisation Democratisation part of conditionality from early 1990s Aspiration rather than aim Adherence with economic conditions more important Uganda & Rwanda

Democratisation Democrazy in Kenya Elections 1992, 1997, 2002 & 2007 Nothing Actually Really Changed? Survival of incumbents Some exceptions (Mobutu) Disorder as political instrument (Chabal & Daloz) Use of state resources Manipulation of electoral process Absence of debate on social & economic policy Rise of identity politics? Corruption

Democratisation Expansion of civil society Freedom of speech Churches Human rights Freedom of speech Media FM radio stations Newspapers Mobile phones

The New Millennium Situation of relative weakness reset from c. 2000 African economies as emerging markets in global financial crisis Investment rather than aid New/refreshed foreign powers China; Turkey; Russia Natural resources Security

Conclusion Seeming inevitability of alignment with Western models of politics and economics no longer intact Politics Hybrid forms of government Authoritarian & democratic (variation though) Economic Paradox of SAPS Intended to stabilise economies & states Intended to induce major reforms that threatened stability Contradiction between SAP & democratisation SAP acted to restrict political choices Alternative options Security as leverage New powers Extraversion (Bayart)