principles and modern applications ELEVENTH EDITION GENERAL CHEMISTRY principles and modern applications PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE 1 Matter: Its Properties and Measurement PHILIP DUTTON UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Matter: Its Properties and Measurement Chemistry 140 Fall 2002 Matter: Its Properties and Measurement CONTENTS 1 -1 The Scientific Method 1 -2 Properties of Matter 1 -3 Classification of Matter 1 -4 Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) Units 1 -5 Density and Percent Composition: Their Use in Problem Solving 1 -6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements 1 -7 Significant Figures General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

1 -1 The Scientific Method Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) developer of germ theory pasteurization of milk rabies vaccination Called the greatest physician of all time by some. He was a chemist by training and profession. General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Figure 1-1 The Scientific Method Illustrated General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 1 1 -2 Properties of Matter Matter: Occupies Space, has mass and inertia Composition: Parts or components ex. H2O, 11.19% H and 88.81% O Properties: Distinguishing features physical and chemical properties General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Physical properties of sulfur and copper Figure 1-2 Physical properties of sulfur and copper General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

A chemical property of zinc and gold: reaction with hydrochloric acid Figure 1-3 A chemical property of zinc and gold: reaction with hydrochloric acid General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

1 -3 Classification of Matter Matter is made of atoms. 114 elements. About 90% available from natural sources Compounds are comprised of two or more elements. Molecules are the smallest units of compounds. General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Homogenized milk is a heterogeneous mixture. General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Figure 1-4 A classification scheme for matter General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Separating Mixtures: a physical process Figure 1-5 Separating Mixtures: a physical process General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Figure 1-6 A chemical change: decomposition of ammonium dichromate General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Macroscopic and microscopic views of matter Chemistry 140 Fall 2002 Figure 1-7 Macroscopic and microscopic views of matter General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

1 -4 The Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) Units General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Mass An electronic balance General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

A comparison of temperature scales Figure 1-8 A comparison of temperature scales General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Some metric volume units compared Figure 1-9 Some metric volume units compared General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 1 SI Units Length m Mass kg Time s Temperature K Quantity mol 6.022×1023 mol−1 Derived Units Velocity m s−1 Volume m3 1000 L L 1000 cm3 1 dm3 Force N kg m s −2 Pressure Pa kg m −1 s −2 Energy J kg m2 s −2 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

1 -5 Density and Percent Composition: Their Use in Problem Solving Density in Conversion Pathways What is the mass of a cube of osmium that is 1.25 inches on each side? inches Os → cm Os → cm3 Os → g Os General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Measuring Volume of an Irregular Object Figure 1-10 Measuring Volume of an Irregular Object General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

1 -6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements Systematic errors. Thermometer constantly 2ºC too low. Random errors Limitation in reading a scale. Precision Reproducibility of a measurement. Accuracy How close to the real value. General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 1 1 -7 Significant Figures Figure 1-11 Determining the number of significant figures in a quantity General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Significant figure rule in multiplication The calculators show the effect of the change in a low precision number (N) in a calculation 14.79 × 12.11 × N N = 5.04 5.05 5.06 Figure 1-12 Significant figure rule in multiplication General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 1 End of Chapter General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.