The Structure of Matter: Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

The Particle Theory of Matter All matter is made up of tiny particles that have empty space between them. Different substances are made up of different kinds of particles. Particles are in constant random motion. The particles of a substance move faster as its temperature increases. Particles attract each other.

STATES OF MATTER Matter exists in three states: 1. Solid – shape is definite 2. Liquid-shape is indefinite as it takes the shape of the container 3. Gas-shape is indefinite as it takes the shape of the container

Observing Matter 1. Qualitative observations- describe the properties of matter using the senses eg. Colour, taste, smell, state 2. Quantitative observations - describe the properties of matter using exact measurement eg. Length, mass, density, volume

Classification of Matter Now that we have defined chemical and physical properties of matter, we can use that to help us classify it. One way chemists classify matter is based on its purity.

Classification of Matter Pure Substance – Matter that has only 1 set of chemical and physical properties. Example: Pure water always has the exact same chemical and physical properties under the same conditions. If water ever tastes different then it isn’t pure water; it fits into our next category.

Classification of Matter Mixture – Two or more pure substances mixed together. Each substance in the mixture retains its own set of chemical and physical properties. Example: Copper and Zinc can be mixed together to produce brass. Even though it may look different, it is still copper and zinc. Each metal retains its own properties like melting point.

Classification of Matter Mixture – Two or more pure substances mixed together. Each substance in the mixture retains its own set of chemical and physical properties. Unlike pure substances, mixtures can always be separated by physical means. How could we separate the copper and zinc back out?

Mixtures Mixture – Two or more pure substances mixed together. Each substance in the mixture retains its own set of chemical and physical properties. If a sample of sand contains iron and salt, how could you separate them from the other minerals?

Mixtures Some mixtures are more pure than others. Heterogeneous mixture (mechanical mixture)– Uneven distribution of substances. (Very impure) - You can see the different parts. Examples: Sand Granite Wood

Mixtures Some mixtures are more pure than others. Heterogeneous mixture (mechanical mixture) – Uneven distribution of substances. (Very impure) - You can see the different parts. Examples: Milk Blood

Mixtures Homogeneous Mixture (solution) – Components are evenly mixed. (More pure than heterogeneous) - Cannot see the parts. Salt water contains salt and water, but are mixed all the way to the atomic level , but it can still be separated by physical means. Seawater distillation plant

Special Types of Heterogeneous Mixtures Colloid – substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance e.g. Whipped cream, butter, paint Suspension - mixture containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for eventually settling out e.g. Italian dressing, dust in air, oil and water

Examples of Mixtures gas in gas: The atmosphere is a mixture of gases, mostly nitrogen and oxygen. liquid in liquid :Wine is a mixture of mostly ethanol and water. solid in solid: Alloys, such as brass, are made up of a mixture of metals. gas in liquid: Soft drinks, such as cola, are mixtures of mainly carbon dioxide gas and water. solid in liquid: Sea Water is a mixture of salts dissolved in water. solid in gas: Smoke is mixture of tiny solid particles in atmospheric gases.

A FEW METHODS FOR SEPARATING MIXTURES Distillation – process of separating a mixture by differences in boiling point Filtration – process of separating a solid and a liquid

Crystallization : when 2 materials crystallize at different temperatures then we condense the mixture to extract the component which crystallizes first Magnetism – separating magnetic from non-magnetic metals

Pure Substances Pure substances can also be divided into 2 categories: compounds and elements.

Pure Substances Compound – Two or more elements chemically bonded together. Examples: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Water (H2O) Salt (NaCl) Sucrose (C12H22O11)

Pure Substances Compounds have only 1 set of properties. They cannot be separated by any physical process. - Can only be separated by a chemical reaction. Water can be separated into Hydrogen and Oxygen by a process called Electrolysis.

Pure Substances Elements – Substances made up of only one type of atom. - Cannot be separated by any physical OR chemical process. Examples: Carbon Helium Gold

Heterogeneous Mixture Matter Can be separated physically Cannot be separated physically Mixture Pure Substance Cannot see the parts Can be separated chemically Can see the parts Cannot be separated Heterogeneous Mixture Homogeneous Mixture Compound Element Most impure Most pure