Immigrants and Urbanization Chapter 7

The New Immigrants Old: from Western Europe England, France, Holland, Ireland New: from Eastern & Southern Europe Italy, Poland, Russia

Arrive at Ellis Island to be checked Come for a number of reasons: Religious freedom, flee oppression, better life Millions come in a very short time Immigrants are no longer protestant, but Jewish and Catholic (Big Problem!!!)

Immigration to the U S

Ellis Island

Arriving at Ellis Island

Statue of Liberty

Immigrants at Ellis Island

Health Check at Ellis

Chinese & Japanese Angel Island Chinese came originally for the gold rush Congress curbs immigration in 1882 Came originally to work in Hawaii

Angel Island

Immigrant Life Looked down on (language/ religion) Got help from political machines Nativism begins: The hatred of anything foreign

Irving Berlin

Nativism Wanted historically free, energetic, and progressive peoples Best stock were British, Scandinavian, and German Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Gentleman’s Agreement

Nativism Chinese

Americanization movement Assimilate immigrants into society Teach skills to become a citizen

Movement to the Cities 200,000 African-Americans move North or West Farmers needed less workers

The Poor and Nameless Many worries: Horrible housing Food, housing, jobs, money 10% had 90% of the money supply Horrible housing Very expensive Tenements: no lighting, fresh air, or room. Lots of diseases

Solution to housing Problem: “Dumbbell” tenements Had air shafts which = major fire hazards and horrible smells.

City Problems Housing Sanitation Water Transportation Crime Fire (Chicago Fire of 1871)

City transportation

Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906

Charities and Aid Pushed the government to make changes in housing, work conditions, etc… Settlement Houses: Jane Addams-Hull House in Chicago

Jane Addams

Political Machines Tweed Ring: William Marcy Tweed Senator, leader of Tammany Hall $200 million of tax money disappeared Kicked out in 1872

Debt goes from $36-$97 million in one year M.O. Pay for votes Rig elections “Vote the graveyards”

William Marcy Tweed

Civil Service Reform Patronage was a huge problem Reformers v. Stalwarts Pendelton Civil Service Act Big Business puts a lot of pressure on the government

Life at the Turn of the Century Chapter 8

The Rise of the Cities Engineering innovations change the look of the cities Skyscrapers change the skyline Wainright in St. Louis Flatiron in New York

Home Insurance Building

Chicago skyline

New suspension bridges New planned parks New city planning designs

Brooklyn Bridge 1883

Central Park New York City

New Technologies New Printing methods Creation of the airplane Print on both sides at the same time Literacy up around 90% Creation of the airplane Affordable hand held camera Rolls of film instead of glass plates

Education Mandated children go to school @ certain times Kindergarten created High Schools expand Immigrants encouraged to go to school

Less than 1% of African-Americans attended high school Immigrants were encouraged to go to school Americanize them Parochial schools Adult and night schools

Black Colleges: Women’s Colleges Business schools Howard Univ. Smith (1871) Bryn Mawr (1880) Business schools Wharton school @ U. of PA

City Life Department stores pop up. Section 3 City Life Department stores pop up. A & P (1869) Macy’s (1858) Woolworth’s (1879) Ward’s (1872) Sears Major advertising everywhere. (billboards etc…) Yellow journalism

Leisure Time Watch sporting events Ride bicycles Theater Baseball (Cincinnati Red Stockings ,1869) Ride bicycles Theater Circus, Vaudeville, Burlesque