Chapter 6 RENAISSANCE PERIOD

A Presentation By Jennifer R. Dacles

Renaissance Period Renaissance comes from a Latin word “renascere”. The act of being reborn. Renaissance was A great cultural movement. Began in Italy during early 1300s. Spread to England, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, and other countries in late 1400s. Came to an end in about Classical antiquity The culture of ancient Greece and Rome. Arabs taken an interest in Greek and Roman antiquity but such knowledge is lost in Europe. Also known as the revival of antiquity or the revival of learning. 3

Renaissance Period Humanism Most significant intellectual movement. Reformation A religious movement of the 1500’s, led to protestation. Catholic Counter Reformation Renewal movement during the 1500’s and 1600’s. 4

Renaissance Period Humanism 5

Blend concern for history and actions of human being with religious concerns. Humanists studied subjects like literature and philosophy and they believed would help them understand the problems of humanity. Humanists believed that the civilization of ancient Greece and Rome could serve as a role models. Humanists believed that people should understand and appreciate classical antiquity. Humanists are the first to master the languages of classical antiquity studied philology and history. 6

Humanism Humanism is divided into Italian Humanism Renaissance that began in Italy. The first to prosper from the Crusades in trade and industry and acquired vast wealth and prestige. Freed themselves from the domination of the Holy Roman Emperor. Bankers and Rulers of many city-states in Italy were ardent patrons of humanism. Northern Humanism One characteristics is the piety of the brethren as represented in the of work Kempis ( ). The other characteristics is the broad literary spirit found in the work of another great Heronymian scholar, Desiderius Erasmus ( ). A Dutch priest and scholar became a leading Christian Humanist during the Renaissance. 7

Humanism8 Italian Humanism

Aims of Italian Humanism Academic Freedom To free the individual from demands imposed by institutions (church, guilds, lords and monasteries). Abundant Living To develop a versatile individual capable of getting the most possible out of life so that he could have an abundant life. Liberal Education To have a well-rounded personality and to enhance individual excellence, the mind, body, and moral sense are being developed. 9

Agencies of Education The lower or elementary schools were for beginners. The secondary or court schools were equivalent to colleges but later become preparatory schools when the universities adopted humanism. The secondary school was one outstanding contribution of humanism to education. Universities evolved later as the value of humanistic education was recognized. 10

Method of Instruction Lecture Writing themes Self expression Develop of interest and power of thinking Balance Mental and Physical activity Discipline was mild and motivation was emphasized

OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONS TO EDUCATION Establishments of the Secondary Schools Laid foundation of Modern Academic Freedom Renewed interest in th study of Roman and Greek classics More used of text and less lectures Written themes instead of oral recitaiton Applicationof individual diffrences fine hundred year ahead. Advocated by Vittorino De Feltre, the first modern and professional teacher who owned a school at Mantua in Northern italy.

MANTUA IN NORTHERN ITALY

Famous During Renaissance Period Galileo Galilei Donatello Michael Angelo Raphael Leonardo

Humanism Northern Humanism 15

Aims of Northern Humanism Social To reform society by improving social relationships, eliminating greed, selfishness, hypocrisy and exploitation by Church and Political leaders. Religious and Moral To develop piety ahead of learning and morality ahead of manners. Literacy and literary To wipe out the ignorance of the people and to study literature to enhance religious training. Democratic To democratize education and to make education accessible to all. 16

Agencies of Education and Contents Studied Agencies of Northern Humanism includes Elementary Schools Secondary Schools Universities Contents Studied Biblical and classical literature Church catechism Hebrew language History, geography and Science Physical education, music and art. 17

Methods of Education Ciceronianism Memorization Passages from the Bible, hymns and psalms and answers to catechism Rules of Grammar Excessive formalism Religious indoctrination Humanistic elements 18

Contribution to Education The Class-a-year practice Emphasis on social education 19

Desiderius Erasmus John Colet William Grocyn

Renaissance Period Reformation 21

Cause of Reformation Religion causes Cultural causes Political causes Economic causes 22

Reformation Tremendous impact on social, political and economic life of Europe. Reformation began within the Catholic Church. A religious movement began in 1517 by Martin Luther, A German monk, that led to Protestantism. He protested against certain practices of Roman Catholic Church. Before reformation, Europe had been held together by universalism of Catholic church, but after 40 years Protestantism was established in Europe. 23

Aims of Education Religious Moralism To live a worthy life on earth will guarantee a glorious hereafter. Protestant Ethic A person’s role in daily life encouraged industriousness, thrifty living and careful management of material things. Literacy Promotion To promote literacy, an educational curriculum based on ancient Greek and Roman literature and a high respect for teachers and learning. 24

Methods of Education Ciceronianism Memorization Excessive Formation Religious Indoctrination 25

Agencies of Education Home was the basic and most important agency of education. Civil Authorities help maintain and control education. The church has to support a teacher. The Vernacular Primary Schools. The Classical Secondary Schools were established in every town. The Universities. 26

Contents Studied and Contributions to Education Contents studied include reading, writing, arithmetic, singing, physical education and other vocational subjects. Religion with the Bible and other religious materials were studied. Outstanding contributions to education are: Saxony Plan, development of the state school system. The Class a Year Plan. The Vernacular Elementary School. 27

Renaissance Period Catholic Counter Reformation 28

Catholic Counter Reformation A renewal movement in the Roman Catholic Church during the 1500’s and 1600’s. Many Catholic scholars prefers the terms Catholic Reformation or Catholic Revival. The two main forms are A rebirth of faith among the people. A reassessment of principles by church leaders. 29

Aims of Catholic Counter Reformation Religious Moralism and Complete Obedience to the Church To develop an unquestioning obedience to the authority of the church. Leadership Training Aim was assigned to the Jesuits. Education of the Poor Aim was assigned to the Christian Brothers. Spiritual Salvation Aim was assigned to the Jansenists. 30

Agencies of Education Elementary Schools organized by the Christian Brothers. Secondary Schools ran by the Jesuits and Jansenists. Higher Schools (Higher College) ran by the Jesuits. Teacher Training Schools set up by La Salle. Teacher training (juniorate) took two years. Practice teaching (regency) took five years. Theological course (faculty of theology) was four years after the regency, followed by ordination and one year final spiritual preparation (tertianship). 32

Methods of Education From the Jesuits Two steps teaching method (prelection and repetition) Adapting lesson to the abilities and interests of children Participation of pupils by question and answers A lot of repetition, review and motivation by rivalry and emulation. From the Christian Brothers Adopt the method where pupil recited to the class instead of the teacher and pupil are graded according to their ability. From the Jansenists Teaching of the vernacular by the phonetic method Nothing is to be memorized unless understood and use of textbooks. 33

Contributions to Education Conception of the Role of the Teacher. The Jesuits’ well-knit hierarchal structural organization of a school system. The Jesuits’ better type of professional training especially in teacher education. The Christian Brothers’ grouping of pupils according to ability and the use of phonetic method of teaching reading. The Discovery of the New World. The Industrial Revolution. 34