Second Sino-Japanese War Nina Matkava May 4th

Background Two empires, two independent countries Japan v. China “War of Aggression” July 7, 1937 – September 9, 1945 Marco Polo Bridge near Beijing, in a province called Warping

Research Questions How did the war between those two great nations emerge? What was the reason behind the second Sino-Japanese War? What was China’s position on internal and foreign affairs? What served as a cause of Japan’s defeat?

Leading Factors Japan’s strong will to become regional hegemony Resources Weak China – great time to act Power/Authority

Significance Of the War / Thesis Statement Number of important reforms Economic structural changes Political reform Battles and protests “The Significance of this war lies in the number of reforms, economic structural changes and political outcomes, due to different battles and protests taking place during those times in both nations.”

Japan v. China

1.5 million trained men in reserve 21 regular divisions of 462,000 well organized, well-trained officers and soldiers 1.5 million trained men in reserve 2.5 million partly trained forces Extra forces – additional Manchurian, Mongolian, and Chinese puppet troops

Weak military Torn apart between CCP (China’s Communist Party) and the nationalist Guomindang

China’s Internal Affairs Poor internal sovereignty National Crisis Struggle between maintaining the same regime and establishing democratic government Eight Principles

8 Main Principles . . . Delineation of Authority and Responsibility between the Central Government and the Local Government Institution of Joint Provincial Office System Promotion of Experimental Hsien Initiation of New Hsien System 5. Improvement in personnel administration 6. Maintenance of Local Security 7. Implementation of Land Policy 8. Special Administrative Inspector System

Foreign Affairs Moral support from People of Nations towards Chinese foreign policy Banned trade with Japan International Anti-Aggression Campaign

Conferences: World Conference to save China in London, United Kingdom (35 Nations) Anti-Bombing Conference in Paris, France (35 Nations)

Japan’s Surrender External Powers Atomic-bomb on Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) 3 days later  Soviet Union attacks the Japanese in Manchuria August 9, 1945 – Another atomic-bomb on Nagasaki August 15, 1945 – Emperor Hirohito officially surrenders to the Allies Signed on September 2, 1945 Japanese forces in China surrendered officially on September 9, 1945

Citation Dorn, Frank. The Sino-Japanese war: 1937-1941; from Marco Polo bridge to Pearl Harbor. New York: Macmillan, 1974. Citation: Hu, Puyu. A brief history of Sino-Japanese war (1937-1945). Taipei, Taiwan: Chung Wu Publishing Co., 1974. Hsiao-pei Y. Frontier Anthropology and Chinese Colonialism in the Southwestern Frontier during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Boundary 2 [serial online]. May 2017;44(2):157-186. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed May 4, 2017. Goodman D. Reinterpreting the Sino–Japanese War: 1939–1940, peasant mobilisation, and the road to the PRC. Journal Of Contemporary China [serial online]. January 2013;22(79):166-184. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed May 4, 2017. Perry J. Powerless and Frustrated: Britain's Relationship With China During the Opening Years of the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1939. Diplomacy & Statecraft [serial online]. September 2011;22(3):408-430. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed May 4, 2017.

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