Ancient Rome

The Etruscans

7 Hills on the Tiber

Romulus and Remus

The laws of the twelve tables are one of the earliest known law codes. The 12 Tables C. 499 B.C.E. The laws of the twelve tables are one of the earliest known law codes.

Quickly kill ... a dreadfully deformed child. The 12 Tables: Excerpts Quickly kill ... a dreadfully deformed child.

If a father thrice surrender a son for sale, the son shall be free from the father.

A child born ten months after the father's death will not be admitted into a legal inheritance.

If any person has sung or composed against another person a song such as was causing slander or insult to another, he shall be clubbed to death.

A spendthrift is forbidden to exercise administration over his own goods.

Intermarriage shall not take place between plebeians and patricians.

Early Roman Expansion: Factors The Citizen Army Treatment of Conquered People Adaptation of Social and Political Structures

Carthage

Hannibal

Scipio Africanus

Battle of Zama, 202 B.C.E.

Tiberius Gracchus 163-133 B.C.E.                                                     Tiberius Gracchus 163-133 B.C.E.

Brothers Gracchi

Marius 155-86 B.C.E.

Sulla 138-78 B.C.E.

From Plutarch’s Life of Sulla "The time in which he lived was no longer an age of pure and upright manners, but had already declined, and yielded to the appetite for riches and luxury..." From Plutarch’s Life of Sulla "The time in which he lived was no longer an age of pure and upright manners, but had already declined, and yielded to the appetite for riches and luxury..."

Cicero 106-43 B.C.E.

Cicero

Cato

Crassus 114-53 B.C.E.

Spartacus -71 B.C.E.

Pompey 106-48 B.C.E.

Julius Caesar 100-44 B.C.E.

"…They [the hostile senators] have seduced Pompey "…They [the hostile senators] have seduced Pompey . . . and led him astray, through jealous belittling of my merits . . . I ask you to defend my reputation and standing against the assaults of my enemies." Caesar, the civil war

Rome in Caesar’s Time

Julian Forum

Cleopatra

Murder of Caesar

At Caesar’s Forum

Brutus

The Roman Empire 14-284

Marc Antony 83-30 B.C.E.

Lepidus

Octavian

Augustus 31 B.C.E.- A.D. 14

Tiberius 14-37

Caligula 37-41

Claudius 41-54

Nero 54-68

Seneca 4 B.C.E.-A.D. 65

Vespasian 69-79

Colosseum

Scale Model

Pantheon

Interior of the Pantheon, Giovanni Panini, 1740