ANAPLASMOSIS Clinical symptoms 1. High rise of temp.(40.50C to 41.50C). 2. Enlargement of prescapular lymph nodes.

b) Enlargement of prescapular lymph nodes

3. Decreased rumination 4. Development of anaemia with pot-wine coloured urine in later stages. 5. Reduced milk yield. 6. Abortion 7. Constipation (Hard dung) 8. Animal lies with neck curved back to the shoulder. 9. The course of the disease from fever to death ranges from 1-2 wks.

3. Necropsy. a) Enlargement of lymph nodes. b) Enlargement of liver and spleen. c) Numerous ulcers in the abomasum. d) Schizonts may be found in impression smears from most internal organs.

Stained impression smear from an enlarged lymph node of a cow.

Transmission 1. Ticks (Boophilus spp, Hyalomma spp.) 2. Mechanical transmission – Dipteran Flies. 3. Transplacental Transmission. 4. Contaminated needles.

Epidemiology All ages of cattle may become infected but the severity of illness increases with age. 6 months to 3 yrs – increasingly ill > 3 yrs – 30-50% die After recovery- Chronic Inadequate treatment – carrier Carriers rarely become ill in second time Unidentified carriers – source of infection for future outbreak Outbreaks related – Lack of control programme, the ratio between anaplasmosis carriers, the amount of vector Serious illness – with no previous exposure

Diagnosis 1) By clinical symptoms 2) Examination of thin blood smears a) In cattle the incubation period varies from 15-45 days or more after tick infection b) Experimentally: C.B. – 24 Days, Indigenous cattle – 29 Days c) High rise of Temp (40.50C) d) Constipation e) Decrease milk yield f) Abortion g) Anaemia h) Jaundice but no haemoglobinurea 2) Examination of thin blood smears

Anaplasma marginale in bovine blood, located near the margin of erythrocytes.