Chapter 1 Section 5 What is a map projection? Objectives: Explain what a map projection is. Name three kinds of map projections.

Key Term map projection: drawing of Earth’s surface, or part of it, on a flat surface

Types of Map Projections Mercator projection: Named after Gerardus Mercator, a Flemish cartographer, or mapmaker. Made by wrapping a sheet of paper into a tube around a globe. The distances between land areas and the sizes of land areas near the poles are distorted.

Mercator Projection

Types of Map Projections Polar projection: Made by holding a flat sheet of paper on one pole of a globe. Shows little distortion near that pole. Farther from the pole, however, both direction and distance are distorted.

Polar Projection

Types of Map Projections Conic Projection: Made by shaping a sheet of paper into a cone and placing it over a globe. When several conic projections are put together, the relative shapes and sizes of land areas on the map are almost the same as those on a globe.

Conic Projection

Which kind of map projection would you use to explore Antarctica? INFER Which kind of map projection would you use to explore Antarctica?

Checking Concepts What is a flat map of a curved surface called? How is a Mercator projection made? How is a conic projection made? How do mapmakers show Earth’s surface on a flat map? How is a polar projection made?

Thinking Critically 6. INFER Why do you think conic projection and a polar projection are called by these names?

Chapter 1 Section 6 What are latitude and longitude? Objective: Explain how hemispheres, latitude, longitude, meridians, and parallels are all related.

Key Terms parallel: horizontal line on a map or globe that circles Earth from east to west at intervals starting at the equator. latitude: distance in degrees north and south of the equator

Key Terms meridian: line on a map or globe running from the North Pole to the South Pole along Earth’s surface longitude: measurement in degrees east to west of the prime meridian

Parallels and Meridians Parallels and meridians help people describe locations anywhere on Earth’s surface. One handy reference is the equator. The equator is an imaginary line that runs around the middle of Earth’s surface. It divides Earth into two half-spheres - the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.

Latitude Parallels describe latitude. The latitude of the equator is 0°. The North Pole is at 90° north latitude. The South Pole is at 90° south latitude.

Longitude Meridians are used to describe longitude. Since there is no equator dividing Earth into north-south halves, scientists had to invent one. This is 0° meridian, which runs through Greenwich, England, is called the prime meridian. On the other side is the 180° meridian. Called the International Date Line, this is the place where the calendar day changes.

Latitude and Longitude

Locating Places Every place on Earth has its own latitude and longitude. Example: Washington, DC, is very close to the point where the parallel for 39° north meets the meridian for 70° west. So, Washington’s location can be described as 39° north latitude and 70° west longitude. This number can be abbreviated as 39°N, 70°W.

Checking Concepts The parallel around the middle of Earth is the ___. Each half of Earth’s surface is called a ___. Points on a sphere or angles in a circle are measured in units called ___. Lines running horizontally on a map or globe are called ___. Lines running from pole to pole on a map or globe are called ___.

Thinking Critically 6. EXPLAIN: How can you locate a particular city on a map of Earth’s a surface? 7. NAME: In what place on Earth’s surface is there a latitude is 0° and a longitude of 0°? 8. INFER: What do you think the hemispheres formed by the prime meridian and the International Date Line are called? 9. INFER: What is the North Pole’s latitude and longitude?