Using Maps

Geographers constantly use maps, so let’s brush up on our map skills! What is geography? = the study of Earth’s surface and how it effects the way people live on it. Geographers study: Earth’s surface – the land and water features How climate effects where/how people live Geographers constantly use maps, so let’s brush up on our map skills!

Earth’s surface is made up of land and water Maps: Are drawings on flat surfaces that represent all or part of Earth. (Globes: are three dimensional models of Earth) Earth’s surface is made up of land and water

Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern Africa Antarctica Asia Water (5) oceans 70% Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern Land (7) continents 30% Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America

Compass Rose shows direction on a map Cardinal Directions = The 4 main directions: North, South, West, East Intermediate Directions = The directions that are in between the main directions: NE - Northeast, SE - Southeast, SW - Southwest, NW - Northwest

Map Scale: Shows what short distances on a map really represent on “Earth.” Uses miles and/or kilometers

Map Key: explains the symbols that are used on a map. = city * = capital

**Please color your map.**

Hemispheres: Hemisphere = “half a sphere.” We use the word to mean half of Earth

The equator divides Earth into two hemispheres: Northern hemisphere Southern hemisphere

Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

Near the Prime Meridian, Earth is divided into two hemispheres: Western Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere

Western Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere

Using Latitude and Longitude Equator = the imaginary line that divides Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres.

Prime Meridian = the imaginary line that divides Earth into the Eastern and Western hemispheres.

Latitude and longitude lines help you pinpoint an exact location on Earth’s surface.

Latitude: Imaginary lines that run West to East. Measure North and South of the equator. O° latitude = equator

Longitude: Imaginary lines that run North and South. Longitude lines measure East and West of the Prime Meridian. The Prime Meridian is 0° longitude.

Using Latitude and Longitude Lines Let’s see how to use the grid system formed by latitude and longitude lines to locate places on a map.

Climate = the pattern of weather of a place over many years Climate is affected by the following 4 things: Latitude Altitude Currents The Sun

1. Latitude & Climate: The closer to the equator, the lower the latitude number, the hotter the climate Tropical Climate Zone - b/c the sun’s rays have a direct hit on Earth’s surface

The farther away from the equator, the higher the latitude number, the colder the climate Polar Climate Zone - b/c the sun’s rays have an indirect hit on Earth’s surface

The middle latitudes have a moderate climate. - These latitudes are called the temperate climate zone - They have a combination of warm and cold climates, AND a good growing season.

2. Altitude and Climate: Altitude = height above sea level Higher altitudes have colder climates

3. Currents and Climate: Cold ocean currents flow from polar regions toward the equator AND warm ocean currents flow from the equator toward the poles.

- warm ocean currents like the Gulf - warm ocean currents like the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean heat the air above. Warm air masses like the North Atlantic Drift blow across the land and cause mild temperatures

4. Climate and the Sun: All parts of the Earth do not receive the same amount of sunlight. Earth sits on its axis at an angle. The Earth spins on its axis like a top. - Earth rotates once every 24 hrs The Earth revolves around the Sun once every 3651/4 days - One revolution = 1 yr

To Compare Seasons of Different Countries: Look to see which hemisphere, the countries are located in. Northern or Southern ONLY!! If they are in the same hemisphere, they have the same season. If they are in opposite hemispheres, they have the opposite season.

Do you know which seasons are opposites? winter ↔ summer ------------------------------------------- fall ↔ spring

Prehistoric village found in downtown Miami

Archaeology Archaeology: the study of the remains of past human life and cultures. Archaeologists: people who study these remains

Archaeologists study… Artifacts = things made by humans that tell us how they lived long ago. *Artifacts are also called Primary Sources. These are first hand accounts from the past. Examples: artwork, tools, weapons, pottery, ruins letters, photographs, diaries

Secondary Sources = secondhand accounts of past events Textbooks Newspaper articles written by someone who was NOT actually at the event.

Why did scientists begin to study artifacts? There are very few written records left behind by the people who lived in ancient times, so archaeologists need to study the objects that were left behind, the artifacts, to understand what their life was like.

How do archaeologists figure out how old an artifact is? At first they looked at the material used to make the artifact. After that they looked at how the artifact was used to obtain food. The most accurate way to date an artifact is using carbon 14.

Understanding Cause & Effect CAUSE – makes something happen - it explains WHY or HOW EFFECT – this is what happens - the RESULT Clue Words: led to, brought about, produced, therefore

How has History Been Shaped? Geography: land formations such as mountains, deserts, and plains as well as access to water have affected or influenced: where people lived crops they grew the way they interacted. Climate: pattern of weather a place has over many years. Climate has affected or influenced: shelters they built clothing they wore

Natural Resources: materials found in nature that are useful to humans. Air 6. Fossil Fuels Water 7. Metals Soil Sunlight