Nationalism Between WWI & WWII China India Turkey Nationalism Between WWI & WWII Sun Yat Sen Chiang Kai Shek Mao Zedong Mohandas Gandhi Kemal Ataturk

Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule Chinese Nationalism is rising in the late 19th and early 20th century The Kuomintang (Guomindang) or Chinese Nationalist Party struggled to overthrow the Qing Dynasty after the death of Empress Cixi in 1908. Dr. Sun Yat-Sen (Sun Yixian) became the president of the first Republic of China in 1912 Sun established Three Principles of the People: Nationalism, Democracy & Economic Security (1. End to foreign control, 2. People’s rights, & 3. People’s livelihood) Sun could not control the republic and in 1916 China was nearly in a Civil War between Nationalists & Warlords In 1917 China declared war on Germany hoping to regain lost territory, but in 1919 the Treaty of Versailles gave Shandong Province to Japan as payment for helping the Allies during WWI

Communism Rises in China On May 4th, 1919 over 3000 angry students led by a young teacher named Mao Zedong protested the West and the unfair Treaty of Versailles This protest drew in workers, shopkeepers, professionals & business owners & spread throughout China. It was called The May 4th Movement. Sun Yat Sen witnessed the commitment to change during the protest but lacked support from the growing Chinese Communist Party due to his alliance with Western democracies In 1920 & 1921 Mao Zedong met with other Marxist followers to form the Chinese Communist Party Sun Yat Sen & Mao Zedong joined the CCP and Kuomintang together in order to gain the support from the Chinese peasants Chinese Communists met with V.I. Lenin from the USSR in 1923 and formed an alliance

Communists Battle Warlords & Nationalists After Sun Yat Sen died in 1925 his successor Chiang Kai Shek (Jiang Jieshi) took over control of the Kuomintang At first Jiang joined forces with the Chinese Communist Party to fight warlords in the countryside in an effort to unify China once again In April 1927 Kuomintang (Nationalist) troops attacked Communists in the streets of Shanghai, nearly killing all of China’s communists In 1928 Jiang was named president of The National Republic of China and immediately gained support from the US & Great Britain; the USSR supported the Communists against the Nationalists. Because of corruption in Jiang’s government the Chinese peasants supported the communists under the leadership of Mao Zedong A Civil War began between the two groups that lasted until 1949

The Chinese Civil War By 1930 Nationalists & Communists were fighting a long, bloody Civil War Mao Zedong led his communists into China’s interior where he recruited a large army of Chinese peasants trained in guerilla warfare Nationalists repeatedly attacked communists but failed to defeat them, instead the communists fled deeper into China and were forced to go a 6,000 mile trek known as The Long March in 1934 700,000 Nationalist troops pursued the 100,000 Communists; only between 10,000 & 30,000 communists survived the attack Japan’s invasion of China in 1937 saved the Communists by suspending the Civil War and forcing the Nationalists to form an alliance with the Communists in order to save China from being conquered by Japan

The Long March

INDia PURSUES iNDEPENDENCE

Nationalism in India & Southwest Asia Indian Nationalism had been increasing since the Sepoy Rebellion was crushed in 1858 and India was placed under direct rule by Great Britain In 1885 a new group formed in India to push for self-government called the Indian National Congress (INC); this organization worked together with the Muslim League (formed in 1906) to end foreign rule in India During WWI over 1 million Indian troops enlisted to help the British fight against the Central Powers. In exchange for their help the soldiers were promised self-rule after the war ended. In 1918, when WWI ended these troops returned to India only to find that the British refused to grant them their own government Many Indians protested against Great Britain and also engaged in strikes & riots As a result the British passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919 which forbid protests and sent protesters to prison for up to 2 years without a trial

The Amritsar Massacre In the spring of 1919 over 10,000 Hindus and Muslims gathered to attend a festival in Amritsar, the capital city of Punjab, India The gathering & demonstration was forbidden by the British and their law (The Rowlatt Act) British General Reginal Dyer order troops to fire on the crowd without warning British troops killed nearly 400 and wounded nearly 1200 Indian citizens News of the massacre reached worldwide and many Indians called for revolution against the British

Mohandas K. Gandhi: A Man of Non-Violence After the Amritsar Massacre in 1919 a young lawyer who trained in British controlled South Africa, India & England named Mohandas K. Gandhi took on the cause of the Indian people against Great Britain Gandhi used non-violent methods based on his religious beliefs and his knowledge of British laws Gandhi organized the Indian people and instructed them to use civil disobedience (disobeying unfair laws) in order to reduce Great Britain’s control over India Gandhi rallied the Indian people to boycott British-made goods, especially cloth His Cloth Boycott called on all Indian people to make their own cloth using spinning wheels to produce homespun cloth In 1930 Gandhi organized a demonstration to defy Great Britain’s Salt Acts which forbid Indians from making their own salt Gandhi created a 240 mile journey to the ocean called The Salt March where thousands of Indian citizens marched to the Indian Ocean to make their own salt in defiance of British laws

The Difficult Road to Peace & Independence Great Britain responded harshly to the Salt March; many people were beaten & jailed for their actions, including Gandhi Despite the negative response of Great Britain toward Gandhi and his methods Gandhi was escorted to England to meet with Parliament In 1935 the British passed the Government of India Act which provided for local self-government and limited democratic elections Unfortunately World War II intervened and put the independence process on hold for Indian until 1946 Gandhi’s actions inspired many other peaceful leaders worldwide to use non-violent tactics such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk: The Father of Modern Turkey

The Modernization of Turkey By the end of WWI the Ottoman Empire had been broken up by the Treaty of Versailles and all that remained of its territory was the modern nation of Turkey In 1919 a war with Greece threatened to take over the remaining territory In 1922 a brilliant military commander named Mustafa Kemal led a group of Turkish Nationalists to overthrow the last Ottoman Sultan In 1923 Kemal became the president of the new Republic of Turkey and created many reforms in order to help make Turkey a modern nation

Turkey Westernizes Kemal created many new programs and reforms in Turkey, including undertaking the modernization of Turkey He separated the Civil Code of laws from Sharia (Islamic) law and abolished religious court systems Women gained more rights including the right to vote and the right to run for public office Kemal also used government funding to help industrialize Turkey and help restore the economy He also adopted a Western-style alphabet and abandoned Arabic letters His reforms for westernization in Turkey including adopting western clothing and banning the fez (a brimless felt hat)