“Humans are unique because they have the capacity to choose what they do.” Richard Leakey A shrimp’s heart is in its head.

Why do we study world history? FAIL

The First People Main Idea Scientific evidence suggests that modern humans spread from Africa to other lands and gradually developed ways to adapt to their environment.

Studying the Distant Past Much of the human story remains a mystery because writing has existed for only about 5,000 years. Study culture: knowledge, art, customs Examine artifacts: objects that people in the past made or used Anthropologists Dig at sites where people have left traces Use a variety of methods to date and analyze objects found Archaeologists –

Where did the first people come from? When did they appear? Human Origins Where did the first people come from? When did they appear? 1959—East Africa Mary Leakey finds skull fragments Hominid: humanlike being that walked upright 1974—Ethiopia Johanson finds “Lucy” 4 foot-tall hominid who walked upright lived 4 to 5 million years ago Early Hominids More advanced hominids from about 3 million years ago 1960s—Tanzania footprints Louis Leakey Homo habilis (“handy man”) More humanlike features Made and used crude stone tools Later Hominids

Homo erectus (“upright man”) 2 to 1.5 million years ago in Africa Other hominids Homo erectus (“upright man”) 2 to 1.5 million years ago in Africa Larger brain; more skillful hunter First hominid to control fire Modern humans Homo sapiens (“wise man”) 200,000 years ago Larger brain; more sophisticated tools Learned to create fire First to develop language

Question: What four main types of hominids have scientists identified based on fossil evidence? Answer(s): Australopithecine, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens

Spreading Around the World Climate and Migration Hominids learned to adapt Began to move out of Africa Movement occurred over hundreds of thousands of years The Ice Ages Began 1.6 million years ago Long periods of freezing weather cycled with warmer periods Asia and North America joined at Bering Strait Out of Africa Homo erectus first hominid to migrate Fossils found in Asia and Europe Homo sapiens migrated around 100,000 years ago Might have used boats Adapting to New Environments Adapted as they migrated Two groups of Homo sapiens: – Neanderthals – Cro-Magnons

37,500 YBP 35,000 YBP 32,500 YBP 30,000 YBP

1) Red: Modern Humans 2) Yellow Neanderthals 3) Green Homo Erectus

How did the ice ages influence early human migration? Question: How did the ice ages influence early human migration? Answer: The ocean level dropped, exposing land bridges that allowed early humans to migrate around the world.

Life in the Stone Age Technology Art and Religion The first humans lived during the Stone Age, when people made tools mainly from stone. Paleolithic Era 2.5 million to 10,000 years ago Stone Age people lived as nomads Sheltered under rock overhangs or in caves Hunter-gatherers First tools: crude chipped stones Later tools: wood and bone Spears for hunting Nets and traps for fish and birds Canoes from logs Clothing from animal skins Shelters from skins, wood, bones Technology Societies began to form Common culture language art religion Animism Belief in life after death? Art and Religion

How did Stone Age people use technology to adapt and survive? Question: How did Stone Age people use technology to adapt and survive? Answer(s): used fire, made tools and weapons

The Beginning of Agriculture Main Idea The development of agriculture was a major turning point in human history and significantly changed the way in which many people lived.

The New Stone Age As prehistoric people developed more sophisticated tools, the Paleolithic Era gave way to the Neolithic Era. Stones chipped to make points Wood and bone tools Nets from plant fibers and animal sinew Paleolithic Tools Polished stones to make points More specialized tools: chisels drills saws Neolithic Tools

Development of Agriculture The development of agriculture (c.10,000 ya), radically changed how people lived. This shift to farming is referred to as the Neolithic Revolution. End of Ice Age New plants New food source People learned to farm Domestication Larger food supply Plants Domesticating animals Careful selection and breeding 10,000 BC – dogs Larger and more stable supply of meat, milk, skins, wool Animals Available plants, domesticated animals Spread to regions: Asia: rice Africa: cattle Mexico: corn South America: potatoes Growth of Agriculture

Question: How did people benefit from farming and the domestication of plants and animals? Answer(s): more reliable food supply; people could pool labor and resources

Agriculture Changes Society Agriculture dramatically changed Stone Age – more food Some people began to live as nomadic pastoralists. Others gave up the nomadic lifestyle and formed settlements. Small settlements Villages and towns Increase in trade Societies became more complex Social status, authority Religion, megaliths Warfare, disease increased Early Farming Societies New tools and methods Animals working in fields Grindstones, pestles, pottery Wool from sheep for yarn Spinning and weaving Copper, bronze, tin New Technologies As people began to make items from bronze, the Stone Age gave way to the Bronze Age, which began as early as 3000 BC in some areas.

Çatal Hüyuk A Neolithic settlement in what is now Turkey Largest Neolithic site found Home to 5,000–6,000 people in 6000 BC Covered more than 30 acres People raised barley, wheat, sheep, goats Houses One main room with areas for sleeping and domestic tasks like cooking Religious shrines

Ötzi the Iceman Discoveries added to our knowledge of Neolithic societies 1991- hikers discover frozen male body Scientific tests performed 5,300 years old, from Neolithic Era Ötzi and belongings well preserved Clothes: three types of animal skins stitched together Leather shoes, woven grass cape, fur hat, backpack Quiver with arrows, dagger, ax with copper blade Scientists’ theories Diet included coarse grains Did not live in location where found Might have been murdered

How did the development of agriculture affect Neolithic societies? Question: How did the development of agriculture affect Neolithic societies? Answer(s): revolutionary changes; men and women assumed different roles; led to towns, government, religion, and trade.

Foundations of Civilization Main Idea From farming villages arose cities, and with them, the first civilizations, marking the beginnings of recorded history.

From Villages to Cities Advances in farming and changing economies caused the first cities to appear. New methods to increase production: irrigation systems Networks of canals, ditches Link fields to water supply Farm more land in drier conditions Plant more crops and produce more food Surplus, or excess of food Advances in Farming Fewer people needed to farm Began to specialize in other jobs Division of labor Traditional economy Economic decisions based on custom, ritual Began to change with development of irrigation Trade increases Changing Economies

Characteristics of Cities Generally larger than villages First known city was Uruk, in what is now Iraq Home to 40,000–50,000 people Covered more than 1,000 acres Populations more diverse than in villages Early villages consisted of extended families Early cities included many unrelated people More formal organization than in villages Had defined centers, with temples and marketplaces Had defined boundaries separating the cities from surrounding villages Served as centers of trade for surrounding villages

How did early cities differ from early farming villages? Question: How did early cities differ from early farming villages? Answer(s): Cities were larger, more diverse, more dense, and served as trade centers.

The First Civilizations The development of cities gave rise to the first civilizations. A civilization is a complex and organized society. Although early civilizations differed, they had several characteristics in common. Characteristics of Early Civilizations Developed cities Organized government Formalized religion Specialization of labor: farmers, engineers, soldiers, artisans Social classes Record keeping and writing Art and architecture The first civilizations grew up independently along fertile river valleys where enough food could be produced to support a growing population.

Question: What was the relationship between job specialization and the development of social classes in early civilizations? Answer(s): The increased wealth of urban societies brought about job specialization. As people specialized, social classes developed. 1) Rulers, nobles, warriors, and priests, 2) Traders and merchants, 3) Artisans and farmers, and (maybe) 4) slaves.

Change in Civilizations Once early civilizations developed, they continued to change over time. Some changes weakened civilizations, while others strengthened them and led to growth and expansion. Dependence on farming Forces of nature Need for resources, such as metals, stone, and timber Expanded trade for scarce resources Environmental Influences Movement of people New languages, customs Cultural diffusion Advances spread from one civilization to another Spread of People and Ideas Conflicts over land and resources Civilizations expanded Some civilizations developed into states and kingdoms Expansion and Warfare

How did cultural diffusion affect early civilizations? Question: How did cultural diffusion affect early civilizations? Answer(s): People adopted new customs, skills, and technologies; writing, metalworking, and farming techniques spread; artists borrowed ideas and created new designs; religious beliefs spread.

“False history gets made all day, any day, the truth of the news is never on the news.” Adrienne Rich The “sixth sick sheik’s sixth sheep’s sick” is said to be the toughest tongue twister in the English language.

Before 1687 clocks were made with only an hour hand. “My great concern is not whether you have failed, but whether you are content with your failure.” - Abraham Lincoln Before 1687 clocks were made with only an hour hand.