End Write a reflection of at least a half page Read the excerpt, and reflect on how it is related to the concept of being a bystander Write a reflection of at least a half page Martin Niemöller (1892–1984) was a prominent Protestant pastor who emerged as an outspoken public foe of Adolf Hitler and spent the last seven years of Nazi rule in concentration camps. 5 minutes End

Aryan: Term used by the Nazis to describe northern European physical characteristics (such as blonde hair and blue eyes) as racially “superior”

Nazi: Name for members of the NSDAP, National Socialist Democratic Workers Party, who believed in the idea of Aryan supremacy

Antisemitism: Acts or sentiments of hostility or prejudice towards the Jewish people Anti-Semitic Nazi Propaganda

Holocaust: Term first used in the late 1950s to describe the systematic torture and murder of approximately six million European Jews and millions of other "undesirables" by the Nazi regime from 1933 to 1945.

Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution Jews: up to 6 million Soviet civilians: around 7 million (including 1.3 Soviet Jewish civilians, who are included in the 6 million figure for Jews) Soviet prisoners of war: around 3 million (including about 50,000 Jewish soldiers) Non-Jewish Polish civilians: around 1.8 million (including between 50,000 and 100,000 members of the Polish elites) Serb civilians (on the territory of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina): 312,000 People with disabilities living in institutions: up to 250,000 Roma (Gypsies): 196,000–220,000 Jehovah's Witnesses: around 1,900 Repeat criminal offenders and so-called asocials: at least 70,000 German political opponents and resistance activists in Axis-occupied territory: undetermined Homosexuals: hundreds, possibly thousands (possibly also counted in part under the 70,000 repeat criminal offenders and so-called asocials noted above)

Concentration Camp: Camps in which Jews and other “undesirables” were imprisoned by the Nazis, located in Germany and Nazi- occupied Europe. There were three different kinds of camps: transit, labor and extermination. Many prisoners in concentration camps died within months of arriving from violence or starvation.

Concentration Camp (Auschwitz) The Auschwitz concentration camp complex was the largest of its kind established by the Nazi regime. It included three main camps. All three camps used prisoners for forced labor. One of them also functioned for an extended period as a killing center. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at least 1.3 million people to the Auschwitz complex between 1940 and 1945. Of these, the camp authorities murdered approximately 1.1 million.

Final Solution: Term used by the Nazis to describe their plan to annihilate the entire Jewish population of Europe.

Fuhrer: German word for “leader”; adopted by Adolf Hitler during his rise to power.

Gas Chambers: Large, sealed rooms (usually with shower nozzles) used for murdering prisoners of concentration camps; many people were led into gas chambers with the belief they were going in to take a shower.

Gas chambers Those who had been selected to die were led to gas chambers. In order to prevent panic, camp guards told the victims that they were going to take showers to rid themselves of lice. The guards instructed them to turn over all their valuables and to undress. Then they were driven naked into the "showers." A guard closed and locked the steel door. In some killing centers, carbon monoxide was piped into the chamber. In others, camp guards threw "Zyklon B" pellets down an air shaft. Zyklon B was a highly poisonous insecticide also used to kill rats and insects.

Gestapo: The secret state police of the German army, organized to stamp out any political opposition.  A member of the Gestapo searching a man in the Warsaw Ghetto (taking his money)

Ghetto: A section of a city where Jews were forced to live, usually with several families living in one house, separated from the rest of the city by walls or wire fences, and used primarily as a station for gathering Jews for deportation to concentration camps.

Conditions in Ghettos Food was scarce and sanitation poor; disease and starvation killed hundreds daily.

Mein Kampf (my struggle): Hitler’s autobiography in which he outlined his ideas, beliefs and plans for the future of Germany.

Third Reich: The Third Empire; name given to the Nazi regime in Germany; Hitler boasted that the Third Reich would reign for 1,000 years.

The Path to Nazi Genocide Watch the clip and take notes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRcNq4OYTyE