Packet One Final Exam Study Guide

Basic Definitions History the study of the past through artifacts and resources Geography the study of Earth’s structure how people interact with their environment Primary Source document created during the time period being studied

Maps Physical map: shows land forms and bodies of water Political map: shows shapes and boundaries of countries Thematic map: shows information about various themes ex: population, climate, resources

Culture “A blueprint for living” The patterns of behavior and ways of thinking within a group Everything that helps a society develop patterns of behavior and ways of thinking within a group

Cultural Diffusion Spread of ideas, customs, goods, and technology, among different cultures Examples: Spread of Religions: Islam, Hinduism, Christianity Trade along Silk Road and Gold Road Printing Press Columbian Exchange Spanish Language in Central and South America

ETHNOCENTRISM Belief that one’s culture or ethnic group is superior to all others Ancient Chinese & Romans saw themselves as better than outsiders Europeans saw themselves as better than native people they encountered “My culture is better than yours”

Law Codes Hammurabi’s Code eye for an eye 12 Tables of Rome expanded laws made under Greek democracy Justinian’s Code preserved Roman laws during Byzantine Empire

Art & Architecture Pyramids Importance of the pharoah Life after death BOB- Greek concept of Beauty, Order, and Balance Renaissance Art Importance of the individual=individualism New techniques, colors, linear perspective

Major Religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam monotheistic Connection to the Holy Land/Jerusalem Founder, holy book, rules for behavior

Major Religions: Hinduism & Buddhism polytheistic Reincarnation Respect for nature Meditation to achieve Nirvana or Enlightenment

Chinese Philosophies Confucianism People are naturally good; following the 5 basic relationships lead to organized society Legalism People are naturally evil; strict laws and harsh punishments needed for organized society Daoism Dao means “the way”, go with the flow,

Japanese Philosophies Shintoism worship spirits of nature called kami, respect for nature Code of Bushido “way of the warrior;” code of honor used by Samurai

Agricultural Revolution The change in human history from hunting and gathering to farming Permanent food supply from crops and domesticated animals Led to permanent towns and villages Led to organized civilizations Civilizations developed governments, belief systems, art, architecture, technology, etc…

The earliest civilizations developed in river valleys Egypt : Nile River China : Huang He India: Indus River Mesopotamia: Tigris & Euphrates Rivers provided: 1. Water 2. Fertile soil 3. Food 4. Trade/Transportation

Early Civilizations Basics The Biggies: Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, Greece, Rome, Byzantine, African trading kingdoms Golden Age: time of peace & prosperity marked by great achievements Athens, Tang/Song, Abbasid, Pax Romana, Renaissance,

Packet Two Final Exam Study Guide

Early China Geography-mountains, deserts, plateaus separated China from other regions First dynasties developed in river valleys: Huang He and Yangtze Rivers Qin Dynasty Emperor Shi Huangdi Great Wall Legalism Silk Road began c. 100 Shang Dynasty Polytheistic Oracle Bones Ying Yang Mandate of Heaven People have the right to rebel against weak rulers and replace them with strong ones

Ancient Greece Geography – Mountainous region, isolated valleys, natural harbors City-States: Athens and Sparta Major achievements in art and a architecture , government Athens= birthplace of democracy

Greek Culture = Hellenistic Culture Hellenistic=Greek Greek= Hellenistic Spread by Alexander the Great, who conquered Greece, Persia, India, and Egypt Major diffusion of Greek culture or…. Hellenism

Ancient Rome Geography – Italy is a peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea Empire expanded under various emperors, starting with Julius Caesar architecture (arches & domes), technology (aqueducts & roads), Law,Law,Law,Law

Byzantine Empire Preserved Greek and Roman culture after Fall of Rome Justinian’s Code- preserved Roman laws Architecture: Hagia Sophia Great Schism = split between Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church

African Trading Kingdoms Ghana, Mali, & Songhai Controlled major trade routes in North Africa Gold and salt Separated from the rest of Africa by the Sahara Desert

Middle Ages in Europe Church was very powerful Feudalism: exchange of land for military service Knights followed code of chivalry like the Japanese code of Bushido Crusades resulted in huge demand for Asian goods

Renaissance in Europe Began in Italy Geography -peninsula in the Mediterranean; access to Afro Eurasian trade routes after Crusades Venice and Genoa were major trade cities

Renaissance in Europe Machiavelli wrote The Prince “the ends justify the means” Galileo, Isaac Newton, Tycho Brahe, Copernicus Scientific Revolution knowledge was based on experimentation and observation

Renaissance in Europe Martin Luther opposed sale of indulgences wrote The 95 Theses began the Protestant Reformation Counter Reformation -attempt by Catholic Church to rebuild its power

North and South America Maya pyramids, writing system, calendar, math, science Aztec cities and floating gardens (chinampas) Inca terrace farming, roads

Aztec Chinampas

Aztec Chinampas

Inca Terrace Farming

Age of Exploration Europeans looked for new trade routes to Asia Spanish and Portuguese ships Ferdinand Magellan first European to circumnavigate/ circle the globe by ship

Age of Exploration Columbian Exchange major cross regional contact and cultural diffusion between Europe and the Americas European diseases caused major decline in Amerindian population Europeans had superior technology, especially guns