High Yield Cassava Varieties for Targeted Products and Prospect

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High Yield Cassava Varieties for Targeted Products and Prospect Peter Kulakow, Elizabeth Parkes, Ismail Rabbi, Tahirou Abdoulaye, Chiedozie Egesi, Paul Ilona, Alfred Dixon GCP21 Integrated System for Cassava Production in Africa 28 October 2016 Contact: p.kulakow@cgiar.org

Overview Cassava breeding objectives Cassava varieties released in Nigeria Adoption of Improved varieties New rapid multiplication system -- SAH Tools to increase genetic gains

Cassava Markets in Nigeria Boil and eat – fresh consumption Gari Other Food Products (fufu, lafun and others) Industry 1 Source: Context Network analysis based on field research, farmer interviews, and published source analysis 2 Garri: “CTA Presentation”, October 2014 3 Industrial and Other Processed Food: “Sahel Rapid Appraisal of Nigerian Markets for Cassava”, August 2013

Current Priority Cassava Breeding Objectives Yield High yield of 20 t/ha under stress conditions and 60 t/ha in excellent conditions Dry matter content above – 35% Resistance to Cassava Mosaic Disease and Cassava Brown Streak Disease Resistance to Cassava Bacterial Blight Drought tolerance Quality – Regional and Market Specific White roots – high starch Yellow roots with at least 15 µg/g fresh weight total carotenoids Low cyanogenic potential Poundable year round for boil and eat Suitable for garri, fufu, starch, flour, chips White outer skin color

Industry Processor Cassava Trait Preference List Storage root weight 3 to 5 kg/plant Storage root size 30 – 45 cm long 7 – 13 cm diameter Straight root Thin outer skin White outer skin color Low cyanogenic potential < 30 ppm High starch 25 – 30% Roots do not lose leaves in the dry season – no drop in starch content at the on set of rains Maintains starch in the dry season Disease resistant Matures in one rainy season Roots do not become discolored after one season Straight stems assist mechanized planting Performs well in different climatic regions Dry matter content above – 35% Resistance to Cassava Mosaic Disease and Cassava Brown Streak Disease Resistance to Cassava Bacterial Blight Drought tolerance Quality – Regional and Market Specific White roots – high starch Yellow roots with at least 15 µg/g fresh weight total carotenoids Low cyanogenic potential Poundable year round for boil and eat Suitable for garri, fufu, starch, flour, chips

Assessment of Gender Responsive Trait Preferences Household head & spouses trait preference from cassava monitoring study in Nigeria –coded from qualitative question: What characteristics to you want in a cassava variety? HHs (male) Overall Key Traits Freq. % Rank high yield 1077 18.05 1 root size 900 15.08 2 early maturity 667 11.18 3 underground storability 420 7.04 4 product quality 400 6.70 5 white pulp 371 6.22 6 low water content 335 5.61 7 mealy 306 5.13 8 taste 219 3.67 9 high stem 196 3.28 10 high starch content 181 3.03 11 product quantity 142 2.38 12 disease and pest resistance 100 1.68 13 yellow pulp 92 1.54 14 ease of peel 80 1.34 15 Spouse (female) Freq. % Rank 324 17.57 1 298 16.22 2 230 12.48 3 123 6.72 5 88 4.83 8 132 7.16 4 118 6.44 6 58 3.06 11 38 2.13 14 92 5.04 7 66 3.63 9 39 2.11 22 1.24 16 40 2.18 13 59 3.21 10

Focus Group Discussion in 20 Villages In each study village, the team held one meeting with women, and a simultaneous, separate meeting with men

Focus Group Discussion in 20 Villages

Focus Group Discussion in 20 Villages

Gender Disaggregated Cassava Trait Preferences

Officially released varieties 46 Released Cassava Varieties in Nigeria All are suitable for gari production 6 varieties of biofortified cassava – Vitamin A cassava

Best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPS) for 25 released cassava varieties in NIgeria Early TMS Varieties Pre-emptive Management of CMD Project Varieties Vitamin A Cassava Varieties

Adoption of improved varieties in Nigeria Cassava Monitoring Study in Nigeria (IITA, NRCRI) 2500 households in 16 major cassava producing states Employed DNA fingerprinting to identify each accession by matching them to library of known improved clones and landraces Sample size: 7411 samples 3891 Reference Library Total of 11578 accessions Supported by BMGF and RTB

Number of samples matching released varieties - regionwise Predominant adopted varieties were developed prior to 2000 Newer varieties are visible but need greater dissemination through cassava seed systems

Potential reasons for low occurrence of new varieties released after 2000 Low availability of planting materials from inadequate seed system Most common varieties have had massive dissemination investments Unreliable markets for high yielding varieties discourage adoption Varieties may lack preferred cassava traits compared to older varieties Inadequate time for adoption processes for a clonal crop – 30 years versus 10 years

Semi-Autotrophic Hydroponics (SAH) Cassava Propagation System 1:2 multiplication in 3 - 4 weeks

Spread of pests and pathogens through various cassava planting material Stems Sterile, virus tested tissue culture plants Virus tested SAH plants Seed Insects +++ - Bacterial blight + Fungi (Cassava anthracnose) Virus (cassava mosaic) thenationonlineng.net thenationonlineng.net A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org

Breeding cycle for a clonal crop Low multiplication rate Long cycle time Genomic tools can reduce cycle time and increase genetic gain

Breakthrough in breeding Vitamin A Cassava levels of total carotenoids > 20 µg/g fresh weight To take any decision we go trait by trait. In some cases we can quantify readily. In other cases we need participation of end users. Best biofortified Cassava variety in Nigeria 12 µg/g fr. wt.

New populations from Genomic Selection breeding (NextGen Cassava) Four cycles of genomic selection recombination completed (2013-2016) Field phenotyping of the consecutive cycles ongoing The first Uniform Yield Trial coming GS project have been established in the current growing season at four locations. In conventional cassava breeding, new breeding material resulting from a cross is assessed by breeders over several growing seasons and in multiple locations before they select superior clones for the next cycle of germplasm improvement. Cassava is vegetatively propagated, and limited numbers (5-10) of propagules can be obtained from one plant. To obtain sufficient propagules to perform replicated and multi-locational trials for meaningful phenotypic characterization, several cycles of propagation are thus required. Cassava breeding cycles, from seedling to multi-location field trials, can therefore take more than five years, limiting the rate of variety improvement and breeders' ability to respond to new challenges. Shifting from phenotype-based selection to genotype-based selection has the potential to overcome lengthy cassava breeding cycles. Using Genomic Selection, IITA has embarked on a one-year breeding cycle which is expected to increase the rate of genetic gain. The first cycle has been completed and we are on to the second cycle. Annual breeding cycle using GS in cassava

Genomic selection-based population improvement Boxplots showing realized selection gain (shifts in population mean) for key traits in selection index Boxplots showing the performance of clones is a realized selection gain trial involving clones from Cycle 0, 1 and 2 clones planted in the same field in two locations.

A global open access resource Cassavabase: A global open access resource All Data Available with Open Access with agreement to observe the Toronto Protocol regarding use of unpublished data

Cassava Breeding Family and Partners Thank You ‘