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From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use Fig. 1. Generalized relationships between applied irrigation water, ET, and crop grain yield. I<sub>W</sub> indicates the point beyond which the productivity of irrigation water starts to decrease, and I<sub>M</sub> indicates the point beyond which yield does not increase any further with additional water application. From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use J Exp Bot. 2006;58(2):147-159. doi:10.1093/jxb/erl165 J Exp Bot | © The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use Fig. 2. Distribution of irrigation depth, X, as a function of fractional irrigated area. Hypothesized relationships, resulting from the spatial distribution of irrigation water over a field, between the depth of water applied (X, normalized with respect to the required depth to refill the soil water deficit) as a function of the fraction of the area irrigated for full and deficit irrigation. Note that under full irrigation, 50% of the area receives water in excess of the required depth, X<sub>R</sub>, needed to refill the root zone. From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use J Exp Bot. 2006;58(2):147-159. doi:10.1093/jxb/erl165 J Exp Bot | © The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use Fig. 3. Average monthly consumptive use (ET) requirements for producing 1 metric ton of alfalfa at Cordoba, Spain. Biomass was calculated with a simple model that used transpiration efficiency values, obtained by Asseng and Hsiao (2000) in Davis, CA, USA, the long-term average consumptive use of alfalfa at Cordoba, Spain, and a correction for root dry matter estimated from Rapoport and Travis (1984). From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use J Exp Bot. 2006;58(2):147-159. doi:10.1093/jxb/erl165 J Exp Bot | © The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use Fig. 4. Relationship between harvest index (HI<sub>R</sub>) as a function of biomass production (B<sub>R</sub>) in response to water deficits. Both are expressed relative to the values observed under full irrigation and all were obtained in experiments conducted under sustained DI. The maize data are from Farré and Faci (2006), the sunflower data from Soriano et al. (2002), and the wheat data from two 4-year experiments reported by Ilbeyi et al. (2006). From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use J Exp Bot. 2006;58(2):147-159. doi:10.1093/jxb/erl165 J Exp Bot | © The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use Fig. 5. Relationship between harvest index (HI<sub>R</sub>) as a function of biomass production (B<sub>R</sub>) in response to water deficits for sorghum (closed circles) and cotton (open and crossed squares) under SDI regimes. The sorghum data are from Farré and Faci (2006) and Faci and Fereres (1980). The open squares are for the cotton cv. Coker-310, and the crossed squares for cv. Jaen. The cotton data were originally reported by Orgaz et al. (1992). From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use J Exp Bot. 2006;58(2):147-159. doi:10.1093/jxb/erl165 J Exp Bot | © The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use Fig. 6. Relationship between the harvest index (HI<sub>R</sub>) as a function of biomass production (B<sub>R</sub>) in response to pre- and post-anthesis water deficits for maize (circles) and sunflower (triangles). The maize data are from Farré (1998) and from NeSmith and Ritchie (1992a, b), and the sunflower data are from Soriano et al. (2002). The dashed line is the same as that depicted in Fig. 4 for SDI regimes. (DPre, DPost, DFl: water deficits during pre- and post-anthesis and at flowering, respectively.) From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use J Exp Bot. 2006;58(2):147-159. doi:10.1093/jxb/erl165 J Exp Bot | © The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use Fig. 7. Harvest index (HI<sub>PV</sub>) as a function of post-anthesis transpiration fraction (fT<sub>VPD</sub>) for sunflower, standardized with respect to the production value (PV=amount of biomass produced per unit of hexose substrate; Penning de Vries et al., 1974) of biomass and to the vapour pressure deficit (VPD), respectively. The dashed line represents Sadras and Connor (1991) model: HI<sub>PV</sub>=fT<sub>VPD</sub>/[1–(a–b fT<sub>VPD</sub>)]; (a=0.91; b=1.63); a and b were obtained following the derivation of Sadras and Connor (1991) but using original data obtained in Cordoba in two sunflower experiments under an SDI regime. The data used were: closed circles and triangles, from an SDI regime measured in a summer experiment reported by Soriano (2001). Squares are from an SDI regime under high N, measured in a spring experiment in 1985 (Álvarez, 1987). The continuous line represents the best fit to all the Cordoba experimental data (HI<sub>PV</sub>=0.116 ln(fT<sub>VPD</sub>)+0.608; r<sup>2</sup>=0.89). From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use J Exp Bot. 2006;58(2):147-159. doi:10.1093/jxb/erl165 J Exp Bot | © The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use Fig. 8. Harvest index (HI<sub>PV</sub>) as a function of post-anthesis transpiration fraction (fT<sub>VPD</sub>). Closed triangles are from a DI regime that had pre-anthesis deficits while open triangles are from another DI regime in the same experiment under post-anthesis deficits, as reported by Soriano (2001). Squares are from an SDI regime under N limitation (no N fertilizer applied) measured in the 1985 experiment of Álvarez (1987). The two lines are the same as those depicted in Fig. 7. From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use J Exp Bot. 2006;58(2):147-159. doi:10.1093/jxb/erl165 J Exp Bot | © The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use Fig. 9. Response of almond yield to three deficit irrigation regimes. Average results of a 4-year experiment conducted in California where three different DI regimes were applied. Drawn from data of Goldhamer et al. (2006). From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use J Exp Bot. 2006;58(2):147-159. doi:10.1093/jxb/erl165 J Exp Bot | © The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use Fig. 10. Seasonal patterns of stem water potential (SWP, MPa) of peach trees in response to the irrigation treatments (RDI, SDI, and full irrigation) during the fourth experimental year (2005); fruit growth stages (I, II, and III) are shown and the arrow H indicates harvest date. Error bars indicate ±standard error. From: Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use J Exp Bot. 2006;58(2):147-159. doi:10.1093/jxb/erl165 J Exp Bot | © The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org