Review Chapter 5 & 6

Chapter 5: Information Processing 1) Match each part of the mental system with its description, according to the information-processing approach. _______ Sensory register _______ Working, or short- term, memory _______ Long-term memory A. Represents sights and sounds directly; stores information briefly and monitors strategies B. Permanent knowledge base C. Where we actively apply mental strategies to a limited amount of information 2) True or False: Information-processing researchers believe that the basic structure of the mental system is similar throughout life.

Chapter 5: Vygotsky 1) True or False: According to Vygotsky, providing a stimulating physical environment is sufficient to promote early cognitive development. 2) At 18 months, Erik’s mother shows him how to put together Lego bricks. Erik cannot yet complete the task alone, but can complete it with his mother’s help. This is an example of what concept? 3) True/False Adult participation leads to more complex play and teaches cultural values.

Chapter 5: Early Mental Development 1) True or False: Scores on infant intelligence tests are excellent predictors of later intelligence. Why or why not?   2) For what purpose are infant intelligence scores largely used?

Chapter 6: Erikson 1) According to Erikson, when the balance of care is sympathetic and loving, infants develop autonomy c) mistrust basic trust d) shame and doubt 2) According to Erikson, when toddlers are given reasonable choices and receive appropriate guidance, they develop

Chapter 6: Emotional Development 1) What is the difference between basic emotions and self conscious emotions? When do each develop? 2) The most frequent expression of fear in infancy is to unfamiliar adults, a response called ________________________________________. 3) Babies use familiar caregivers as a ____________________, or point from which to explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support. 4) ________________________ is when infants actively seek emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation. 5) What is it called when one infant cries and other infants cry in response?

Chapter 6: Temperament 1) _______________________ is early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation. 2) __________ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with. Stranger anxiety Emotional regulation Goodness of fit Attachment 3) What are the 3 types of temperament identified by Thomas & Chess?

Chapter 6: Attachment In the Strange Situation, baby Mitchell uses his mother as a secure base from which to explore. He cries when she leaves and crawls quickly to her for comfort when she returns. Mitchell would be classified as showing ____________ attachment. In the Strange Situation, baby Malika does not cry when her mother leaves, reacts similarly to a stranger as she does to her mother, and shows no interest in her mother when she returns. Malika would be classified as showing _____________ attachment.   In the Strange Situation, baby Ethan remains close to his mother and fails to explore before separation. When his mother returns, Ethan hits and pushes his mother. Ethan would be classified as showing ______________ attachment. 4) In the Strange Situation, baby Grace exhibits a dazed facial expression while being held by her mother. When her mother returns, she cries out unexpectedly and then freezes in an odd position. Grace would be classified as showing ______________ attachment.

More about attachment (lecture slides not fully covered)

Measuring Attachment Security Secure: 60% Avoidant: 15% Resistant: 10% Disorganized/ disoriented: 15% © Pavel L Photo and Video/Shutterstock

Episodes in the Strange Situation Table 7.2 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Attachment Categories Secure attachment: The infant actively explores the environment in the mother’s presence, is upset when she leaves, and seeks contact when she returns. (The infant may accept the stranger’s attention when the mother is present.) Insecure attachment Resistant attachment: The infant stays close to the mother, doesn’t explore, becomes upset when the mother leaves, is wary of strangers, and resists physical contact with the mother when she returns. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Attachment Categories (con’t) Insecure attachment Avoidant attachment: The infant shows little distress when the mother leaves, may ignore or avoid the stranger, and ignores the mother when she returns. Disorganized/disoriented attachment: The infant is very upset by the strange situation and appears confused about whether to approach or avoid the stranger; when the mother returns, the infant may seek contact and then withdraw. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Answers

Answers: Information Processing A, C, B True

Answers: Vygotsky False Zone of Proximal Development True

Answers: Early Mental Development False; often rely upon different things that later measures (e.g., motor skills) screening

Answers -- Erikson 1) b 2) a

Answers – Emotional Development Basic emotions are universal emotions in humans with a long evolutionary history of promoting survival (e.g., happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust). They develop in the first year of life. Self conscious emotions are second, higher order set of feelings involving injury to or enhancement of our sense of self (e.g., guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, pride). They develop in the second half of the second year and later. Stranger anxiety Secure base Social referencing Emotional contangion

Answers -- Temperament C Easy, Slow-to-warm & Difficult

Answers -- Attachment 1) secure 2) avoidant 3) resistant 4) disorganized/disoriented