How did Muhammad establish an Umma and the first Islamic state? Muhammad in Madina Key question How did Muhammad establish an Umma and the first Islamic state?

Muhammad and Medina – flipped learning Problems in Madina Muhammad and Madina (dual role) The Establishment of the Religious Umma Evaluation of the events:

The problems Muhammad faced while in Medina Green pen……. What is missed on your sheet? 1. How to unite people into a single strong community a). Ansar; helpers Medinians who accepted Islam fully b). Muhajirun; emigrants who came from Makkah with Muhammad c). Munafiqun; hypocrites who accepted Muhammad as the one who could settle disputes, but who only pretended to accept Islam. d). The Jews 2. How to deal with the city of Makkah, which bound to attack Medina if Muhammad succeeded in making it strong. 3. How to convert the whole of Arabia What would be your suggestions to Muhammad to deal with these problems in Medina?

Muhammad and Madina The constitution of Medina (640CE) - Muhammad was the only leader - All blood feud rights were given up to whole community - All Muslims had extra commitments; a). They had to help any believer of whatever clan if they were in tremendous debt b). All believers owned each other aid and protection so that war could only be fought on a united front and any believer who was attacked had to be protected whatever his clan; c). They had to obey the common moral code. Muhammad was to be arbiter of any disputes, ‘Wherever there is anything about which you differ, it is to be referred to Allah and to Muhammad’ (Qur’an) No military expeditions could be organised without Prophet’s consent Political leadership based on clans / tribes got challenged Islam, V.W Watton

The world wide united Muslim community Task Read page 18 in the handout thoroughly Write an answer to the exam question in timed conditions [10 minutes] Swap the answer with your partner to mark with green pen and add what is missed What does Ummah mean? The world wide united Muslim community Exam question Explore the concept of Muslim Ummah established in Medina. [8 marks]

The Establishment of the Religious Umma How these points contribute? Jews regarded as first supporters, already believed in one God, but argued about the differences between the Qur’an and their scriptures and assertion that Jesus was a prophet. Revelations made Islam more Arabic than Jewish, The Qibla (face towards while praying) changed from Jerusalem to Makka (sura2 v 144-45) Ibrahim was repeatedly referred as a Hanif Muslim rather than a Jew, Emphasis that Jews had rejected all their prophets, so expected that they would reject the message of Islam. Chief hypocrite Ibn Ubbay had been trying to be the king of Medina, was supporter of Jews….Muhammad gained the support of anti-Jewish clan leader Sa’ad ibn Mu’adh. After the battle of Badr all clans of Medina converted to Islam. Some individual incidents of fighting between Jews and Arabs…The battle of Badr weakened the Ubbay’s position. Banu Quanuqa were to leave Medina they went to the Jewish stronghold of Kaybar. Market taken over by Muhajirun. Islam was now the religion of Medina.. Medians were acknowledging Muhammad being leader. It became impossible to go against Muhammad because of His religious and military prestige.

The Establishment of the Religious Umma How these points contribute? New regulation through revelations of the Qur’an made it possible for Muhammad to spend next 2/3 years making Medina a Theocracy - State ruled by God. Zakah established to help orphans and widows Polygamy was encouraged to remarry the widows, Muhammad cemented relationship through several marriages with Muhajirun eg daughter of Abu Bakr, and Umar; - established alliance with surrounding tribes - inheritance rules were revealed and riba (lending money at interest) - alcohol banned - fasting in the month of Ramadhan - laws were revealed about making contracts - Five pillars of Islam enforced (Shahada, Salah, Zakah, Sawm and Hajj) By 628CE Muhammad had established a truly Arab religion in Medina– people were united in a theocracy ---Jews were a subservient minority

Discuss what does this quote mean? M.A.Shaban…’Yathribans wanted to the trading enterprise of Muhammad and Makkans to establish a Yathriban trading centre’. The traditional biographers; ’Yathribans recognised Muhammad as the coming prophet they had been told by the Jews, ‘by Allah this is surely prophet with whom the Jews threatened us. We must not let them get ahead of us with him’, (Ibn Hisham quoted by Maxime Rodinson)

Homework Exam question Assess Muhammad’s dual role being a prophet and a statesman. [12]