Section 1: Types of Behaviors Chapter 16 Notes

- Behavior – the way an organism interacts with other organisms. - Stimulus is anything in the environment that causes a reaction -A stimulus can be external ( a rival male entering another male's territory) or internal (hunger or thirst)

Innate Behaviors - Innate behavior- a behavior an organism is born with. - Reflex- an automatic response that does not involve a message from the brain. - Instinct- complex pattern of innate behavior (spider spinning a web).

Learned Behaviors - Learned behavior- develops during an animal's lifetime ( more important for animals that have a long life span like mammals). -Imprinting- occurs when an animal forms a social attachment to another organism within a specific time period after birth or hatching. - Behavior that is modified by experience is called trial-and-error. (Learning to ride a Bike)

Learned Behaviors - Conditioning- behavior is modified so that a response to one stimulus becomes associated with different stimulus. -Pavlov's dog- a dog secretes saliva when it sees or smells food. Pavlov would ring a bell before he fed the dog. Because of conditioning, the dog would secrete saliva when he rang the bell (even before the dog saw or smelled the food. - Insight- a form of reasoning that allows animals to use past experiences to solve a new problem. - Imprinting, trial-and-error, conditioning, and insight are all examples of learned behavior.

Section 2: Behavioral Interactions - Animals often live in groups for safety, warmth, or to keep from getting lost. - Social Behavior- interactions among organisms of the same species ( courtship and mating, caring for their young, claiming territories).

Behavioral Interactions -Society- a group of animals of the same species living and working together in an organized way (ants, bees, termites.

Territorial Behavior - Territory- an area that an animal defends from other members of the same species ( songbirds sing, sea lions bellow, squirrels chatter, and other animals leave a scent.) - Animals defend their territories because they contain food, shelter, and potential mates. - Defending a territory improves the survival rate of the animals off-spring.

Territorial Behavior - Aggression- a forceful behavior used to dominate or control another animal. - To avoid being attacked and injured by an individual of its on species, an animal shows submission.

Communication - Communication is important in all social behavior. - Courtship behavior- allow male and female members of a species to recognize each other. - Pheromone- a chemical that is produced by one Animal to influence the behavior of another animal of the same species. (Chemical communication)

Communication - Sound communication- crickets rub forewings together, mosquitoes vibrate tiny hairs, rabbits thump the ground, gorillas pound their chest. Light Communication - bioluminescence – ability of certain living things to give off light. ex. Fireflies

Cyclic Behavior - Cyclic Behavior- innate behavior that occurs in a repeating pattern. (eating, sleeping, etc.) - Diurnal- animals that are active during the day. -Nocturnal- animals that are active at night. - Hibernation- a cyclic response to cold temperatures ( body temperature and breathing slow down and they live on stored fat). - Estivation- reduced activity in desertlike environments. - Migration- instinctive seasonal movement of animals.