ZAHOOR ULLAH Ph. D. Post Doc ZAHOOR ULLAH Ph.D. Post Doc. (Italy and Canada) Professor of Biochemistry Ex Research Director PMRC, at KMC

Introduction to Biochemistry Biochemistry is concerned with the molecular working of the body. The first question we must ask is What the molecular composition of the normal human body.

The approximate composition of the a 75-kg textbook adult. Substance Content (%) Water 60 Inorganic salt, soluble 0.7 Inorganic salt, insoluble 5.5 Protein 16 Triglyceride (fat) 13 Membrane lipids 2.5 Carbohydrates 1.5 Nucleic acids 0.2

Functions Triglyceride ( fat) is the major storage form of metabolic energy and is found mainly in adipose tissue. Proteins are of more general importance. They are major elements of cell structures and are responsible for enzymatic catalysis and virtually all cellular functions.

Functions of CHO and salts Carbohydrates, in the form of glucose and the storage glycogen, are substrates for energy metabolism, but they also are covalently linked components of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Soluble inorganic salts are present in all intracellular and extracellular fluids. Insoluble salts, most of them related to calcium phosphate, give strength and rigidity to human bones.

Water

Importance of Water for Human Health

Of all the compounds in Biosphere, water is the most abundant, Vital and amazing compound. Allah (SWT) says in Holy Quran

Have not those who disbelieve known that the heavens and the earth were joined together as one united piece, then We parted them? And We have made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe? (21:30)

Essentiality of Water Next to air (oxygen), water is the most essential element to human life; the body usually cannot survive longer than few days without water (a maximum of 1 week). Water is essential to the functioning of every single cell and organ system in the human body.

Important roles water play in life. Water carries nutrients to all cells in the body and facilitates all of the chemical processes which occur in the body. Water forms the base for saliva (necessary for consuming and digesting food).

Water is essential for the efficient elimination of waste products through the GIT,/Kidneys/ Skin Water regulates body temperature (through perspiration). Water serves as lubricant. Water forms the fluids surrounding joints and bones, providing cushioning for the joints.

Water is life Vital to human survival than food and other commodities after Oxygen. If it is not safe then it can also act as a vehicle to transmit diseases. Some of such disease are fatal.

More than 2/3rd of the weight of the human body is water Bones are 22% water, Brain and muscles are 75% water, Blood is 83% water, and Lungs are 90% water.

A reduction of 4-5% in body water can result in a 20-30% decrease in performance (work and exercise) A 10% decrease in water will produce significant health risks. A week without water will surely result in death.

Role in the prevention of disease Drinking adequate amounts of water can reduce the risk of colon and bladder cancer significantly, and some studies have suggested that water may also decrease the risk of breast cancer.

Food as a source of water Many foods have a high water content; approximately 40% of our daily water intake actually comes from food. Body may signal that it is hungry in order to get more water through food.

REQUIREMENT Body requires a lot of water every day; sometimes the body's signals for thirst are misinterpreted as hunger, causing one to pick up something to eat instead of a glass of water.

This would be OK, except for the fact that this excess food supplies excess calories in addition to water. If one feel hungry, it's best to drink a large glass of water, wait for a few minutes, and then decide if you are really hungry.

Drinking water can help to fill up the stomach and prevent one from overeating. One can exercise more effectively when drink enough water. As muscle mass is increased through exercise, body will burn more fat (muscles actually assist the body in burning fat).

Muscles are made up of more water than fat is, so water becomes even more important as you become more active; dehydration slows down the fat-burning activity of muscles.

Water helps to maintain the muscle tone and lubricate the joints, helping to reduce muscle fatigue and soreness during exercise. Dehydration results in a decrease in blood volume, leading to a reduced supply of blood and oxygen to the muscles, causing it to feel tired.

Burning calories and fat creates toxins, and water is essential to the process of flushing them out of your body through the kidneys.

Caffeine (coffee, tea, chocolate, some sodas) has a diuretic effect; for every cup of coffee, you need an additional cup of plain water to counteract this effect. When you are eating a healthy, high-fiber diet you need additional water to dissolve the fiber in your body, helping it to move through the intestinal tract.

How Much Water is Needed Daily? One should drink at least enough water daily to replace the water that the body normally loses through perspiration, waste removal, and respiration (water lost as vapors by the lungs as air is exhaled).

Tips on Drinking Enough Water: Start your day by drinking 1-2 glasses of water every morning. More in hot weather. ( Carry a water bottle with you). Drink water before feel thirsty. (if the thirst mechanism is set on , then you are already mildly dehydrated.) Drink a few glasses of water before exercising, and Drink water frequently, during your workout.

Tips on Drinking Enough Water: Drink plain water. Avoid juices which are high in sugar content. sodas and other beverages containing artificial sweeteners may cause you to retain more fluid; these should be avoided.

General attitude on water intake Most people do not realize the importance of water to their overall health. True health cannot occur without proper hydration of the body. Remember Body is estimated to be about 60 to 70 % water. Blood is mostly water, and Muscles, lungs, and brain all contain a lot of water.

Your body needs water To regulate body temperature and to provide the means for nutrients to travel to all your organs. Water also transports oxygen to your cells, Removes waste, and protects your joints and organs.

In case of diminished supply When the body does not get a constant, supply of fresh water, it has to ration what's available and cut back on certain functions in order to make the supply go round.

The skin, being the least important, faces the cut back more. Essential systems like the brain is prioritized, others are impaired or cut back until the brain has had its needs met. The skin, being the least important, faces the cut back more. Chronically dry skin and/or dandruff are signs of advanced bodily dehydration. Other signs of mild dehydration include chronic pains in joints and muscles, lower back pain, headache and constipation.

Water starvation Constipation is a sure sign of water starvation, as the body's intestinal peristaltic action extracts every precious drop of water from your food, to save losing it, creating gridlock. Another sure sign to the lack of water in the body is a strong odor of urine, along with a dark yellow or amber color which indicates that enough water is not supplied.

The best indicator is thirst Thirst is an obvious sign of dehydration and in fact, you need water long before you feel thirsty. A mere 2% drop in body water can trigger fuzzy short-term memory, trouble with basic maths, and difficulty focusing on the computer screen or on a printed page.

Point of Concern is that 75% of us are chronically dehydrated. In 37% of us, the thirst mechanism is so weak that it is often mistaken for hunger. Even MILD dehydration can slow down our metabolism . The biggest trigger of daytime fatigue is lack of water.

According to some water experts Asthmas, allergies, arthritis, angina diabetes,, stomach upsets, chronic intestinal complaints and certain others degenerative illnesses are the cries for water,. These are complaints which are dramatically improved with a consistent and long-term intake of fresh, clean water.

Flushing the body with a constant long-term supply of good clean fresh water, is a best way to assist with detoxification and hydration and is especially important for anyone with cancer. Your body requires approximately 8 glasses (2 litres) of water a day for optimum

Water-related diseases Water-related diseases include: Those which are due to micro-organisms and chemicals in drinking water . Diseases which have part of their lifecycle in water, like schistosomiasis

Anaemia Arsenicosis Ascariasis Campylobacteriosis. Cholera. Cyanobacterial Toxins Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. Diarrhoea Drowning Fluorosis Hepatitis Japanese Encephalitis. Lead Poisoning. Leptospirosis Malaria . Malnutrition . Methaemoglobinemia Onchocerciasis (River Blindness). Ringworm (Tinea) Scabies Schistosomiasis. Spinal Injury Trachoma. Typhoid Enteric Fevers. Para Typhoid Enteric Fevers.

Water-related diseases Inadequate drinking-water, poor sanitation and poor hygiene are estimated to cause 8,42,000 diarrhoeal disease deaths per year (WHO 2014), and contribute substantially to the other diseases listed above. diseases like malaria with water-related vectors is another big cause of morbidity.

Out of 8,42,000 deaths per year, is attributable to unsafe water3,61,000 deaths of children under age five, mostly in developing countries (WHO 2014). A significant reduction in these figures could be brought through: Better access to safe water supply adequate sanitation and better hygiene practices.

Emerging issues in water and infectious disease New diseases, including water-related diseases, periodically "emerge" either because they are newly recognized or because their importance increases.

Health care waste Poor management of health-care waste exposes health-care workers, waste handlers and the community to infections, toxic effects and injuries.

Health-care waste Health-care waste is a by-product of health-care that includes: Sharps and Non-sharps, Blood and Body parts, Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, Medical devices and Radioactive materials.

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