Ocean Floor Ocean Zones Chapter 3

Ocean Floor Draw , label and define the ocean floor in your notebook be sure to include all areas presented in this section.

Ocean Topography Main Features

Topography Is the study of Earth's surface shape and features. Ocean topography is the study of the ocean floor and the features of which.

Continental shelf Is the extended perimeter of each continent and associated coastal plain, and was part of the continent during the glacial periods, but is undersea during interglacial periods. Extends from the edge of the continent outward to where the bottom sharply drops off into a steep slope. This is the part you swim in at the beach, until the BIG drop-off about 1,300 km off the coast.

Continental slope The descending slope which connects the sea floor to the Continental shelf. This is still considered to be part of the Continent. Is the steep incline between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain. This is the drop-off.

Continental rise A gentle slope with a generally smooth surface, built up by the shedding of sediments from the continental block, and located between the continental slope and the abyssal plain.

Abyssal plains Abyssal plains are flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. They generally lie between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-oceanic ridge. Home to a variety of unique organisms that are adapted to the extreme conditions of this habitat.

Volcanic fissure A linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. The vent is usually a few meters wide and may be many kilometers long

Hydrothermal Vent Is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermal heated water issues. Is an opening in the sea floor where super-heated water and other material are discharged into the surrounding seawater. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots.

Mid-Ocean ridge A mid-ocean ridge is an underwater mountain range, typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine, formed by plate tectonics. It is usually an oceanic spreading center, which is responsible for seafloor spreading.

Trench The oceanic trenches are hemispheric-scale (one hemisphere to another) long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. They are also the deepest parts of the ocean floor.

Mariana Trench Is the deepest part of the world's oceans, and the deepest location on the surface of the Earth's crust. It has a maximum depth of about 10,911meters, or 11 kilometers.

Sea Mount A seamount is a mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and thus is not an island. These are typically formed from extinct volcanoes, that rise abruptly.

Oceanic Island One type of oceanic island is found in a volcanic island arc. These islands arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring.

Ocean Floor

Ocean Floor

Light Zone Draw a diagram to represent the different light zones label and describe each zone

Light Zones The Aphotic-Zone is the lowest layer of the ocean where light does not reach. Photic-zone is the top layer of the ocean where sunlight penetrates. Disphotic Euphotic

Temperature Draw a diagram to represent the different temperature regions in the ocean. Be sure to label and describe each zone

Ocean Temperature Surface Temperature due to ocean mixing water can be heated to a depth of 300 m Equator = 30oC (86oF) Poles = -2oC (28.4oF) Below that depth the water is very cold, since ocean temperature decreases rapidly with depth

Surface Temperature and Salinity by Latitude

Ocean Temperature Zones Mixed Layer Ocean’s surface region where waves and wind mix heat evenly Absorbs almost all of the sun’s light Most marine life found in this layer

Ocean Temperature Zones Middle Zone Also called the thermocline Temperature drops very rapidly here

Ocean Temperature Zones Deep Water This cold, dense water moves away from the polar regions along the ocean floor and spreads itself over the globe beneath other ocean water Here, temperatures are about 2°C

Variations in Ocean Water Temperatures Surface layer is warmest Thermocline is transition layer so colder Bottom layer is coldest

Ocean Layering Note - thermocline & warm surface layer absent in polar seas, temperatures cold top to bottom In general, ocean layering is caused by density differences of warm and cold water.

Zone Brochure You will need to create a brochure for the different ocean zones Each zone must include a picture, description, types of plants and animals living in that zone Special adaptations the organisms must make to survive that zone Front Cover must have a name, slogan , and picture to represent the ocean zones it is worth 15 points Possible points is 159 Grade will be counted 2x Intertidal Zone Neritic Zone Open Ocean Deep Ocean Description of location 4 Habitats 4 Organisms 4 Light Exposure 4 Temperature 4 Salinity 4 Pressure 4 One Other Fact 4 Picture of the zone 4   Total Points Sections 36

Ocean Zones

Relationships Sustainability – capable of continuing (meeting the needs of the present) over a long period of time without causing permanent damage in the future. All these organisms are found in almost every marine habitat to help complete the food webs.

Ocean Zones The Intertidal Zone is where the ocean meets the land. This area is exposed to air for part of the day. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Reef#p006ry1j http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Reef#p0038t3w http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Tide_pool#p008cv3g http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Tide_pool#p007xvbq

Intertidal Zone Intertidal Zone - the area that lies between the low-tide and the high-tide line. Rocky shores Mangroves Salt Marshes Estuaries: a body of water where a river meets the ocean.

Estuaries Estuaries are areas where fresh water from streams and rivers spills into the ocean. Fresh water and salt water are always mixing in estuaries.

Estuaries Plants and Animals of Estuaries Estuaries are rich in nutrients and support large numbers of plankton. The plankton provide food for larger animals, such as fish. Mammals and birds feed on fish and plants in estuaries. Filters Pollutions

Organisms by Zone- Intertidal Zones and Upper Photic Zones Nekton - free-swimming organisms whose movements are independent of the tides, currents, and waves. Phytoplankton - The plant and algae component of the plankton; the primary producers of most ocean food webs. Zooplankton - Animal component of the plankton that feed on phytoplankton and other zooplankton (primary consumers).

Groups of Marine life

Coast-Shorelines, Rocky, Sandy, Coral Reefs Diverse plants and animals that have adapted to variable conditions . Can tolerate variations in water salinity, D.O., and wave action Light Small percentage of total ocean body, but contains most of the seafood caught for human consumption. Other coastal habitats: mangroves, kelp forests Typical species: Fish species worldwide: 28,000 Cnidarians (seapens/Jellyfish/corals) worldwide: 11,000 Crustaceans worldwide: 52,000

Zones of Life along a Rocky Shore Why are some animals and plants located in special zones and not all over?

Sandy Shoreline Community Soft bottom communities are found in areas where sediment has accumulated Dominate the east coast of the U.S and the gulf coast Due to the environmental conditions most animals bury themselves in the substrate. Ghost crab

Sandy Beach Zonation

The Neritic Zone is farther away from the shore. The ocean floor starts to slope downward and the water is becomes deeper. The water is warm and receives a lot of sunlight.

Ocean Zones cont. The Oceanic Zone contains the deep water of the open ocean. Some animals in this zone live in very deep water.

Deep Ocean Zones Surface zone- the top part of the ocean water. Transition zone- surface up to 1 km. Deep ocean or Abyssal plain- mostly flat portion of ocean floor which provides a home to a variety of unique organisms that are adapted to the extreme conditions of this habitat.

Open Ocean-Pelagic Zone http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/diver-encounters-floating-garbage-patch photosynthesis is performed by phytoplankton, algae. low in nutrients because organic debris (such as dead animals) sinks to much greater depths. some areas nutrients are brought to surface by upwelling, storms, and ocean currents phytoplankton grow rapidly These areas are some of the most productive on the planet, supporting tons of life. Typical species: squid, tuna, marlin, sharks, seabirds, dolphins, and toothed whales, blue whale, sea turtles Light to approximately 200m Temp in winter 55F to summer 65-70F

Open Ocean-Mesopelagic Beyond the continental shelf Organisms migrate seasonally for mating and food resources (vertical sea column migrations) Twilight zone of the ocean because little light penetrates this deep and beginning of bioluminescence range Temp: 40-65F

Open Ocean Organisms

The Benthic Zone is the ocean floor. The deepest parts of the benthic zone do not get any sunlight and are very cold.

The Sea Floor-Benthic Zone includes the Abyssal Zone Depths of 2,000 to 6,000 meters (6,560 to 19,680 feet) Perpetual darkness Very few species exist in this part relative to other ocean zones Extreme Pressure water pressure increases one atmosphere every 33 feet in depth Animals: deep-sea anglerfish, giant squid, black swallower, tripod fish. Hydrothermal vents: Chemosynthesis, the basis of life in the deep sea abundance of life around mid-ocean vents due to chemosynthetic bacteria-supported large tube worms, crustaceans, and multitudes of other organisms. Temp: 33-40F year round NO SUN NECESSARY!

Organisms by Zone- Deep Ocean Bioluminescence -The production of non-thermal light by creatures' converting chemical energy to light energy to lure prey, attract a mate, or assist in keeping like species together. An estimated 75 percent of benthic creatures glow. Benthos - organisms that live on or in the ocean floor.

Salinity-generally increases with depth surface fluctuations are caused by formation of sea ice, influx of fresh water, and evaporation

Benthic zone http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/hydrothermal-vents?source=relatedvideo http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/sea-creatures-deep-video-national-geographic-and-census-marine-life http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Deep_sea#p0038vr1 http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Deep_sea#p006v478 http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Deep_sea#p006v47r

Ocean Zones

Ocean Zones

Upwelling the upward movement to the ocean surface of deeper, cold and usually nutrient-rich waters, especially along some shores, due to the offshore movement of surface water.