Reproductive organs Dr. Sándor Katz

Female reproductive system Internal constituents: Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina External constituents: Clitoris Labia minora 3. Labia majora

Female reproductive organs - location Infraperitoneal organs.

Ovary Connective tissue bed filled follicles with developing ova. Parts: Cortex Medulla (Women can ovulate between 10-50 years of age – 480 ovulation/reproductive period.)

Maturation of follicles 1. Primordial follicle: simple squamous epithelium 2. Primary follicle: simple cuboidal epithelium 3. Secondary follicle: stratified cuboidal epithelium 3.

Maturation of follicles 4. Graafian follicle

Fallopian tube Transports ova. Fimbriae Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus

Uterus Fundus Body Cervix

Ligaments of uterus

Pouches of uterus Recto-uterine pouch or Douglas- pouch: Deepest point of female abdominal cavity. (fluid accumulation) Vesico-uterine pouch: No clinical relevances.

Uterus - wall Endometrium: 2. Myometrium: 3. Perimetrium: simple columnar epithelium, glands, blood vessels, connective tissue. Layers: functional: stratum compactum stratum spongyosum basal 2. Myometrium: smooth muscle 3. Perimetrium: peritoneum

Menstrual cycle Menstrual phase: loss of functional layer of endometrium. 2. Proliferative phase: development of functional layer of endometrium (glands, blood vessels) Secretory phase: preparation for the implantation of an embryo. If fertilization does not occur the menstrual flow begins.

Menstrual phase (Coiled arteries constrict – deprivation of endometrium from blood supply – discharge outer endometrium lining. Content of flow: blood, epithelium, connective tissue. Volume: 35-45ml. )

Vagina Receives secretion from uterus and penis during copulation. Pathway for fetus. Lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

External genitalia 1. Clitoris: 2 erectile bodies 2. Labia majora: folds of skin 3. Labia minora: folds of skin. No hair.

Male reproductive organs Internal components: Gonad – testis Duct – system: epididymis, deferent duct, ejaculatory duct Additional glands: seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland External component: Penis

Testis Location: in a skin pouch- scrotum. Forms sperm. Produces testosterone. Connective tissue capsule. Connective tissue septa – lobules. Lobules contain 2-3 seminiferous tubules.

Testis - histology Germinal epithelium – changing characteristic – sperm. Sertoli cell: Supporting function, maintains hormone level, blood-testis-barrier. Leydig cell: Produces testosterone.

Epididymis Stores sperm. Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Deferent duct 45 cm long. Contracts during ejaculation.

Spermatic cord Contents: Deferent duct Deferential vessels Testicular artery Pampiniform plexus Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve Cremasteric muscle Cremasteric vessels Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

Seminal vesicle 60% of semen. Fructose secretion.

Prostate gland 15-30% of semen. Acids secretion – activates sperm.

Bulbourethral glands Location: urogenital diaphragm. Secrete viscous fluid – lubrication of the urethra.

Penis

Penis 2 corpora cavernosa – blood sinuses 1 corpus spongiosum - urethra

Steps of erection Sexual stimulus Relaxation of the smooth muscle in cavernous space and arterioles Blood inflow (50ml) to the cavernous space Occlusion of the venous drainage Intracavernous blood pressure > systemic blood pressure ERECTION

Rectovesical pouch Deepest point of male abdominal cavity. No relevances.

Pathology – Human papilloma virus Penile warts Cervix cancer

Pathology – Human papilloma virus HPV is transmitted through intimate skin-to-skin contact. (Every year, over 27,000 women and men are affected by a cancer caused by HPV— that's a new case every 20 minutes.) Persistent HPV infection can cause cervical and other cancers including: Cervical cancer: The most common HPV cancer. Almost all cervical cancer is caused by HPV. Vulvar cancer: About 69% are linked to HPV. Vaginal cancer: About 75% are linked to HPV. Penile cancer: About 63% are linked to HPV. Anal cancer: About 91% are linked to HPV. Cancer of the back of the throat: About 72% are linked to HPV. [Note: Many of these cancers may be related to tobacco and alcohol use]

Thank you for your attention. References: Gray’s Anatomy for Students Elsevier, Kierszenbaum: Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology 2e LWW: Langman’s Medical Embryology WebPathology.com