OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE Less ozone in the stratosphere allows for more harmful UV radiation to reach the earth’s surface. The ozone layer keeps about 95% of the sun’s harmful UV radiation from reaching the earth’s surface. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) have lowered the average concentrations of ozone in the stratosphere. In 1988 CFCs were no longer manufactured.

OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE Ozone thinning: caused by CFCs and other ozone depleting chemicals (ODCs). Increased UV radiation reaching the earth’s surface from ozone depletion in the stratosphere is harmful to human health, crops, forests, animals, and materials such as plastic and paints.

Ozone Depleting Chemicals Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) Halons Methyl Bromide Carbon tetrachloride Methyl chloroform Hydrogen chloride Sources of CFC’s aerosol propellants, cleaning solvents, refrigerants and foam plastic blowing agents.

A free oxygen atom pulls the oxygen atom off the chlorine monoxide Fig. 20-18, p. 486 A free oxygen atom pulls the oxygen atom off the chlorine monoxide molecule to form O2. Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) molecule, such as CFCl3, breaking off a chlorine atom and leaving CFCl2. Sun Repeated many times The chlorine atom and the oxygen atom join to form a chlorine monoxide molecule (ClO). Summary of Reactions CCl3F + UV Cl + CCl2F Cl + O3 ClO + O2 Cl + O Cl + O2 UV radiation The chlorine atom attacks an ozone (O3) molecule, pulling an oxygen atom off it and leaving an oxygen molecule (O2). Once free, the chlorine atom is off to attack another ozone molecule and begin the cycle again. Cl Figure 20.18 Natural capital degradation: simplified summary of how chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other chlorine-containing compounds can destroy ozone in the stratosphere faster than it is formed. Note that chlorine atoms are continuously regenerated as they react with ozone. Thus, they act as catalysts, chemicals that speed up chemical reactions without being used up by the reaction. Bromine atoms released from bromine-containing compounds that reach the stratosphere also destroy ozone by a similar mechanism.

OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE Since 1976, in Antarctica, ozone levels have markedly decreased during October and November. Figure 20-20

OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE During four months of each year up to half of the ozone in the stratosphere over Antarctica and a smaller amount over the Artic is depleted. Figure 20-19

The Antarctic Polar Vortex Each winter, the air around the South Pole cools and begins circulating to the west. This vortex effectively isolates the air over Antarctica, with three effects: Outside air, which is relatively ozone-rich, cannot mix in and sustain ozone levels. Chemicals that tend to slow down the depletion reactions cannot mix with Antarctic air. Heat from outside air is shut out, prolonging the period of very low stratospheric temperatures.

Antarctic Vortex Because the air gets so cold over the Antarctic each winter, the vortex remains intact for several months, finally breaking up in December. The vortex is the reason for the timing and location of the hole; because such vortices do not form over more temperate regions, homogeneous gas-phase chemistry is the dominant global concern, producing long-term ozone depletion trends

Seasonal thinning at the poles Ozone thinning (hole) Polar vortex Antarctic Arctic

• Immune system suppression Human Health • Worse sunburn • More eye cataracts • More skin cancers • Immune system suppression Food and Forests • Reduced yields for some crops • Reduced seafood supplies from reduced phytoplankton • Decreased forest productivity for UV-sensitive tree species Wildlife • Increased eye cataracts in some species • Decreased population of aquatic species sensitive to UV radiation • Reduced population of surface phytoplankton • Disrupted aquatic food webs from reduced phytoplankton Air Pollution and Materials • Increased acid deposition • Increased photochemical smog • Degradation of outdoor paints and plastics Global Warming • Accelerated warming because of decreased ocean uptake of CO2 from atmosphere by phytoplankton and CFCs acting as greenhouse gases Effects of Ozone Depletion Natural Capital Degradation Fig. 20-21, p. 488 Figure 20.21 Natural capital degradation: expected effects of decreased levels of ozone in the stratosphere. QUESTION: Which five of these effects do you think are the most important?

Squamous Cell Carcinoma This long-wavelength (low-energy) form of UV radiation causes aging of the skin, tanning, and sometimes sunburn. It penetrates deeply and may contribute to skin cancer. This shorter-wavelength (high-energy) form of UV radiation causes sunburn, premature aging, and wrinkling. It is largely responsible for basal and squamous cell carcinomas and plays a role in malignant melanoma. Ultraviolet A Ultraviolet B Thin layer of dead cells Hair Squamous cells Epidermis Basal layer Sweat gland Melanocyte cells Dermis Basalcell Blood vessels Figure 20.22 Science: structure of the human skin and the relationships between ultraviolet (UV-A and UV-B) radiation and the three types of skin cancer. (Data and photos from the Skin Cancer Foundation) Squamous Cell Carcinoma Basal Cell Carcinoma Melanoma Fig. 20-22, p. 489

Reducing Exposure to UV Radiation What Can You Do? Reducing Exposure to UV Radiation • Stay out of the sun, especially between 10 A.M. and 3 P.M. • Do not use tanning parlors or sunlamps. • When in the sun, wear protective clothing and sun– glasses that protect against UV-A and UV-B radiation. • Be aware that overcast skies do not protect you. • Do not expose yourself to the sun if you are taking antibiotics or birth control pills. Figure 20.23 Individuals matter: ways to reduce your exposure to harmful UV radiation. QUESTION: Which three of these actions do you think are the most important? Which ones do you do? • Use a sunscreen with a protection factor of 15 or 30 anytime you are in the sun if you have light skin. • Examine your skin and scalp at least once a month for moles or warts that change in size, shape, or color or sores that keep oozing, bleeding, and crusting over. If you observe any of these signs, consult a doctor immediately. Fig. 20-23, p. 490

Solutions Montreal Protocol CFC Substitutes landmark international agreement designed to protect the stratospheric ozone layer. originally signed in 1987 ;substantially amended in 1990 and 1992. production and consumption of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform--are to be phased out by 2000 (2005 for methyl chloroform). CFC Substitutes HCFC’s, acidic or alkaline solutions for circuit boards Eliminate use of foam plastic containers Capture and recycle