Chapter 10 Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Erikson’s Theory: Industry vs. Inferiority Developing a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks School provides many opportunities Inferiority Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well Negative responses from family, teachers, and peers can contribute to negative feelings Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Changes in Self-Concept During Middle Childhood More balanced, fewer all-or-none descriptions Social comparisons Real vs. ideal self References social groups Cultural variations Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Hierarchical Structure of Self-Esteem in Middle Childhood Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Figure 10.1 Hierarchical structure of self-esteem in the mid-elementary school years Figure 10.1 (Photos from left to right: © Mary Kate Denny/PhotoEdit; © Tom Pannell/Corbis; © Mitch Wojnarowicz/The Image Works; Radius Images/Photolibrary) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Influences on Self-Esteem Culture Child-rearing practices Attributions: mastery-oriented learned helplessness Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Role of Parenting in Self-Esteem Authoritative style is best Risks of controlling parenting: low self-esteem, aggression, and antisocial behavior Risks of indulgent parenting: unrealistically high self-esteem, lashing out at challenges to overblown self-images Encourage worthwhile goal-setting to boost self-esteem Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Achievement-Related Attributions Reason for Success Reason for Failure Mastery-oriented Ability Controllable factors that can be overcome by effort Learned helplessness External factors Ability, which cannot be changed by effort Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Influences on Learned-Helpless Attributions Parents believe child incapable make trait statements Gender differences SES, ethnic differences Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © tmcphotos/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Emotional Development in Middle Childhood Self-conscious emotions: governed by personal responsibility Emotional understanding: explains emotion using internal states understands mixed emotions empathy increases Emotional self-regulation: motivated by self-esteem and peer approval emotional self-efficacy Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Coping Strategies Problem-Centered Coping Appraise situation as changeable Identify difficulty Decide what to do Emotion-Centered Coping Use when problem- centered coping does not work Internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about outcome Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Changes in Moral Understanding Flexible moral rules: lying not always bad/truthfulness not always good considers prosocial and antisocial intentions Clarifies link between moral imperatives and social conventions: considers people’s intentions and the contexts of their actions Cultural similarities/differences Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Understanding Individual Rights Challenges adult authority within personal domain Views denials of personal choice as wrong Places limits on personal choice, typically deciding in favor of kindness and fairness Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Understanding Diversity and Inequality By the early school years associates power, privilege with white people assigns stereotyped traits to minorities With age, overt prejudice declines: focuses on inner traits subtle prejudice may persist Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Notte Lourens/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Individual Factors Contributing to Prejudice Fixed view of personality traits Overly high self-esteem Social world in which people are sorted into groups Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Reducing Prejudice Long-term intergroup contact: neighborhoods schools communities Fostering belief in changeability of human traits Volunteering Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Peer Groups Organize on basis of proximity, similarity Peer culture: vocabulary, dress code, gathering place can involve relational aggression and exclusion Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Blend Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Friendship in Middle Childhood Personal qualities, trust become important More selective in choosing friends: tends to select friends similar to self Friendships fairly stable, can last several years Type of friends affects development: aggressive friends often magnify antisocial acts Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Categories of Peer Acceptance Popular popular-prosocial popular-antisocial Rejected rejected-aggressive rejected-withdrawn Controversial Neglected Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Bullies and Victims Bullies Most are boys Physically, verbally, relationally aggressive Socially prominent, powerful Victims Passive when active behavior expected Lack defenders Inhibited temperament Physically frail Overly protective, controlling parents Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Helping Rejected Children Coach positive social skills. Promote perspective taking and social problem solving. Alter peers’ negative opinions. Intervene in negative parenting practices. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Dawn Shearer-Simonetti/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Gender Typing in Middle Childhood Gender stereotypes: extended to include personalities and school subjects more flexible views of what males and females can do Gender identity (third–sixth grade): boys’ “masculine” identification strengthens girls become more androgynous Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Gender Identity Self-evaluations affect adjustment: gender typicality gender contentedness felt pressure to conform to gender roles Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Elaine Willcock/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Family Relationships Parents: coregulation Siblings: rivalry companionship and assistance parental encouragement of warm sibling ties is vital Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Andresr/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Only Children High in self-esteem, achievement motivation Closer relationships with parents: greater pressure for mastery Peer acceptance tends to be less favorable: lack of practice in conflict resolution Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © tokyoimagegroups/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

International Divorce Rates Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Figure 10.2 Divorce rates in 12 industrialized nations Figure 10.2 (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2012b.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Consequences of Parental Divorce Immediate Drop in income Parental stress, disorganized home life Child reactions vary with age, sex, temperament Long-Term Improved adjustment after two years Multiple divorces associated with greater adjustment difficulties Father’s involvement and effective coparenting improve adjustment Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Helping Families Through Divorce Shield children from conflict. Provide continuity in daily life. Explain the divorce. Emphasize permanence of situation. Sympathize with children’s feelings. Use authoritative parenting. Promote relationship with both parents. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Blended Families Mother–Stepfather Most common Boys tend to adjust quickly Girls often adapt less favorably Older children and adolescents of both sexes display more adjustment problems Father–Stepmother Often leads to reduced father–child contact Children in father custody often react negatively Girls and stepmothers slow to get along at first, gradually adapt favorably Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Maternal Employment and Child Development Benefits: higher self-esteem positive family and peer relations fewer gender stereotypes better grades more father involvement Drawbacks: heavy employment demands associated with ineffective parenting Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © c12/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Fears and Anxieties in Middle Childhood Common fears include poor academic performance peer rejection personal harm threats to parents’ health frightening media events School phobia: 5–7 years: maternal separation 11–13: particular aspects of school Harsh living conditions promote severe anxieties Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Ethnic and Political Violence Chronically dangerous environments: loss of sense of safety desensitization to violence impaired moral reasoning pessimistic view of future Parents, communities, schools must provide reassurance, security, intervention: preserve physical, psychological, educational well-being © ZouZou/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Prevention and treatment Child Sexual Abuse Characteristics of victims More often girls Most cases reported in middle childhood of abusers Usually male Usually a parent or known by parent Internet and mobile phones used to commit abuse Consequences Emotional, physical, and behavioral reactions May persist for years Prevention and treatment Prevention: education Treatment: long-term therapy Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Factors Related to Resilience Personal characteristics: easy temperament mastery orientation Warm parental relationship Supportive adult outside family Community resources Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Sascha Burkard/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.