Unit 5 Continues… Standard 8-4.3 “That’s a lot of events…” Unit 5 Continues… Standard 8-4.3 8-4.3 Analyze key issues that led to South Carolina’s secession from the Union, including the nullification controversy and John C. Calhoun, the extension of slavery and the compromises over westward expansion, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Dred Scott decision, and the election of 1860. Sorry, SC… John C. Calhoun

First, a little vocabulary….. Westward Expansion - westward movement, the populating (by Europeans) of the land within the continental boundaries of the mainland United States. Manifest destiny- the belief that expansion of the nation across the continent to the Pacific Ocean was our God-given right. Sectionalism- allegiance to one region of the country as opposed to loyalty to the broader interests of the whole country. Missouri Compromise- a compromise of 1820 that allowed Missouri into the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state; all other territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains north of the 36/30’ was to be free of slaves.

American Progress by John Gast Analyze the painting What can we observe and infer? How does this painting portray manifest destiny? Remember: Manifest destiny was the belief that it was our God-given right to expand out west.

Westward Expansion/Manifest Destiny Westward expansion led to growing sectionalism and controversy over the expansion of slavery to the territories. Northern states were concerned about Missouri joining the Union as a slave state (first state admitted from the Louisiana Purchase) and would upset the equal balance of slave and free states in the Senate. **Side note: President Thomas Jefferson ordered the purchase negotiations, fearing that the French, then led by Napoleon, wanted to establish an empire in North America. Did you know… The Louisiana Purchase was the purchase by the United States from France of the huge Louisiana Territory in 1803. Northern states: Missouri… OH NO YOU DIDN’T! Slave states Free states

Missouri Compromise 3. The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36 30 latitude line. REMEMBER… States ABOVE the line were free states. States BELOW the line were slave states. This compromise was supposed to keep the balance between slave and free states!

Controversy over Protective Tariffs (tax on imports) Flash Card: Protective Tariff 4. The South saw protective tariffs (designed to raise import taxes on goods coming from foreign countries) as only benefiting the emerging industries in the North. 5. South Carolina, largely agricultural, objected to the tariff raising the price of manufactured goods that they would purchase from the North or Great Britain. 6. When the United States Congress passed a protective tax in 1828, then Vice President John C. Calhoun anonymously wrote South Carolina Exposition and Protest. “Yeah, that’s gonna be a NO for me.”

Southern States vs. Northern State DRAMA Think about it… Why did the southern states OPPOSE the protective tariff? Northern states Southern states Imagine that… What could happen if southern states chose to ignore this law? The protective tariff would benefit the northern states because of their INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY. The protective tariff would hurt the southern states because it would it would raise the price of goods bought from the north or Great Britain

Nullification & The Nullification Crisis Nullify (verb): means to declare a law invalid and of no effect. 7. Calhoun claimed that under the compact theory (agreement) that it was a state’s right to declare such a law unconstitutional and nullify it through a special state convention 8. Nullification threatened the unity of the United States and the exclusive right of the Supreme Court to decide whether or not an act of Congress was constitutional 9. South Carolinians split into a States’ Rights Party (Nullifiers) and Union Party (Unionists) (the Nullifiers won control of the General Assembly) Flash Card: Nullification “You’re threatening the union of our country!” “We don’t have to follow that!”

When they sent the Force Bill to SC… Nullification Crisis Think about it… Why was it such a terrible thing for a state to nullify a federal law? “I QUIT! I RESIGN AS VP!” 10. In 1832, after Congress passed another tariff, the South Carolina legislature called a meeting to nullify the tariff and Calhoun resigned as Vice President and entered the Senate to become a strong voice against the tariff and for nullification. 11. President Jackson condemned the mocking of federal law and urged Congress to pass a Force Bill that would authorize the national government to send troops to collect the tariff in South Carolina 12. The crisis ended in a compromise when Congress lowered the tariff and South Carolina repealed its nullification. When they sent the Force Bill to SC… Video segment (4:33) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A rb_ybDn7bA

What solution did Congress and SC reach to “make everyone happy” concerning the protective tariff?

The individual states or the country? More on Nullification “I do what I want. I believe in states’ rights!” 13. When South Carolina nullified the Force Bill, it still asserted a state’s right to declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional in that state (which continued the debate over states’ rights theory and eventually led to the theory of secession) 14. The theory of secession believed the states were more powerful than the federal union that was the United States 15. Expansion as a result of the Mexican War led to controversy over slavery as California applied for admission as a free state (free soil) due to not wanting slave owners to use their slaves to mine for gold. state USA Who’s more powerful…. The individual states or the country?

Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law California was a free state Outlawed the slave trade in Washington, D.C. Allowed popular sovereignty 16. The Compromise of 1850 allowed California to be a free state, outlawed the slave trade in Washington DC, allowed popular sovereignty to decide slavery in the territories from the Mexican Cession, and created a new Fugitive Slave Law for Southerners to capture and return to the South slaves that had escaped. Recall… Popular sovereignty: government ruled by the people Flash Cards: Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law Capture & Return

Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin Who is Harriet Beecher Stowe? Video segment (2:50) https://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=ijFy4RjYGbQ 17. Sympathy for fugitive slaves intensified with the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in protest against the Fugitive Slave Act. (Southerners attacked the ‘misconceptions’ about slavery.) “People can’t read the truth about slavery!!” “I wrote a best seller in 1853…300,000 copies sold!”

“We need a railroad in Kansas!!” Kansas-Nebraska Act 18. The Kansas Territory was in the northern part of the Louisiana Territory (Missouri Compromise made the territory slave free) but politicians wanted to build a railroad and needed to gain southern support so the Kansas Nebraska Act repealed the 36 30 line of the Missouri Compromise and allowed the territories to decide the slavery issue through popular sovereignty. “We need a railroad in Kansas!!” Flash Card: Kansas Nebraska Act

Bleeding Kansas 19. The Kansas Territory was called “Bleeding Kansas” when northern abolitionists and southern slave owners temporarily moved into the territory and turned to violence.

Bleeding Kansas Why did this event become so violent and dangerous? Why do you think it’s referred to as “bleeding”?

the free soilers were a political party!” Free Soil Party 20. Northern Whigs and northern Democrats joined the Free Soil Party (opposed the expansion of slavery) and the Liberty Party (abolitionists) to form a new party, the Republican Party. “NO… the free soilers were a political party!” Flash Card: Republican Party

“once free, always free” Dred Scott Decision 21. The Dred Scott decision was an attempt by the Supreme Court to end the controversy over role of free states in determining the status of the enslaved. 22. Scott was a slave whose master had taken him into a free territory and with the help of northern abolitionists, sued his master for his freedom claiming ‘once free, always free’. 23. The Supreme Court decided that African Americans were not citizens of the United States and therefore had no right to sue in the Supreme Court (in fact they had no rights at all). “once free, always free”

Do you think the Dred Scott case was fair? Meet Dred Scott Video segment (3:00) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JF6mF VhoPDI 24. The court went on to rule that Scott was property and that the Constitution protects the owner of property from having that property taken away by the government. 25. The court further ruled that Congress could not pass measures like the Missouri Compromise or the Kansas Nebraska Act limiting the expansion of slavery into the territories. 26. The Dred Scott decision did not end the controversy over slavery as northerners claimed that the court could not deny them the right to outlaw slavery (due to popular sovereignty), limiting democracy. Think about it… Do you think the Dred Scott case was fair? Flash Card: Dred Scott Decision

Dred Scott 27. South Carolinians applauded the decision and accepted the Supreme Court’s ruling as the final word on the issue. 28. Debates over the Dred Scott decision led Republican Abraham Lincoln to national prominence and further split the Democratic Party.

John Brown’s Raid at Harper’s Ferry 29. Southern fears were escalated when abolitionist John Brown raided a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry to start a rebellion against slavery. Why do you think the artist portrayed John Brown in this manner?

Election of 1860 Did you know… Lincoln was NOT an abolitionist. He was a “free-soiler” He won the election because of electoral votes from the north. 30. Southerners feared that their interests would be gravely threatened by the election of a northern, Republican candidate. 31. The election of 1860 prompted South Carolina to secede from the Union as Lincoln campaigned on a platform of ‘free soil’. 32. After Lincoln’s election, South Carolina called a special convention and signed Articles of Secession claiming that the rights of South Carolinians had not been and would not be protected by the federal government (six other states seceded soon after).

The Path To War As you view this video, look for facts to help you answer this question. What events caused major conflicts in the United States during this time? (Name at least four.) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cG1xKpO9_VA