Jack (2010)

Jack (2010)

Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Family: Curculionidae Subfamily: Dryophthorinae Tribe: Litosomini Genus: Sitophilus Species: S. granarius Binomial name Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758)

Identification: Life cycle Behaviour Adult: 3–5 millimetres (0.12–0.20 in The adults are a reddish-brown colour and lack distinguishing marks. Adult wheat weevils are not capable of flight. Larvae are legless. Life cycle Female lay between 36 and 254 eggs (one egg is deposited in each grain kernel.) All larval stages and the pupal stage occur within the grain. The larvae feed inside the grain until pupation. The life cycle takes about 5 weeks in the summer, but may take up to 20 weeks in cooler temperatures.. Adults can live for up to 8 months after emerging. Behaviour Adult when disturbed will pull their legs close to the body and feign death. Female weevils can tell if a grain kernel has had an egg laid in it by another weevil. Females chew a hole, deposit an egg, and seal the hole with a gelatinous secretion. Researchers estimate that one pair of weevils may produce up to 6,000 offsprings per year.

Control of Stored Grain Insects Mechanical control Sieving\ Crushing Centrifugal force use 2.. Physical control\ a.Temperature b.Gamma irradiation ‌C.High frequency waves 3. Chemical control\ A. Active dusts B. Wettable powders C. Emulsifiable concentrates D. Aeroslos,fogs and smoke generator E.Fumigants 4.Biological control: 1.Botnicals: (Essential Oils,…Plant extracts…etc) 2. Natural enemies.

ESSENTIAL OILS Essential oils may be present in many different types of plant structures (wood, bark, leaves, stems, flowers, stigmas, reproductive parts etc. (1) Essential’ refers to the fact that the oil carries the distinctive essence (scent) of the plant. Essential oils are the concentrated extracts of volatile, non-water-soluble aroma compounds from plants. Essential oils are mixtures of organic compounds. Terpenes??? are the key components in most essential oils. Essential oils are widely used in perfumes, cosmetic products, cleaning products and as flavourings in foods.

Mode of Action Of ESSENTIAL Oils; Their toxic action is more physical than chemical. kill insects on contact by disrupting: gas exchange(respiration). Distruping cell membrane function orstructure. disrupting their feeding on oilcovered surfaces.

The history of essential oils The benefits of essential oils have been recognised for thousands of years. Their use is described in the New Testament of the Bible. They were used in anointing rituals and in healing the sick. The ancient Egyptians used essential oils for embalming, religious rites and medicinal purposes.

Modern uses Cosmetics Cleaning Flavours Dentistry Essential oils Adhesives Perfumes Insect repellents Medical

1Asgar Ebadollahi et al., (2013) demonstrated the strong larvicidal potential of essential oil from A. foeniculum (oil mint) as a natural product against T. castaneum larvae. It also decreased the activity of esterase and GST besides reducing total carbohydrate, lipid and protein contents.

Plan of Work Tested some potential effect on Grain weevil (Bioassay test). Evaluate some Essential Oils on some Biological parameter of grain weevil. Study the affected Enzymes by certain Essential Oils.

references (1) Ebadollahi, A., R. Khosravi2, J. Jalali Sendi, P. Honarmand and R. M.Amini(2013):Toxicity and Physiological Effects of Essential Oil from Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze Against Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Larvae; Annual Review & Research in Biology 3(4): 649-658. (2)Udo,I. O.(2011): PROTECTANT EFFECT OF PLANT OILS AGAINST COWPEA WEEVIL (Callosobruchus maculatus) ON STORED COWPEA (Vigna Unguiculata); ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 6(12):49-55. (3)Mona F. Abd El-Aziz and 6 Yasser. A. El-Sayed (2009):Toxicity and biochemical efficacy of six essential oils against T. confusum, Egypt. Acad. J. biolog. Sci., 2 (2): 1 – 11. (4) Pugazhvendan,S.R., P. Ronald Ross1, K. Elumalai(2012):Insecticidal and repellant activities of plants oil against stored grain pest,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) ;Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease:412-415. (5)Udo,I. O.(2011): PROTECTANT EFFECT OF PLANT OILS AGAINST COWPEA WEEVIL (6)Disna Ratnasekera and K. H. G. Nayanathara:Efficacy of Cinnamon and Citronella Oil Vapours in the Control of Callosobruchus chinensis L. in Bulk Stored Green Gram, Department of Agricultural Biology,Faculty of Agriculture,University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka.

(7)Dinesh Lal and Deepshikha Viola Raj (2012:)Efficacy of Application of four Vegetable Oils as Grain Protectant against the Growth and Development of Callosobruchus maculatus and on its Damage Advances in Bioresearch 3 [2] June 2012: 55 - 59

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