Temperate Deciduous Forest Logan Garcia Julian Lacayo Period 2

What makes a temperate deciduous forest unique It is temperate, meaning it has four seasons Seasonal change causes leaves to shed off of trees, and some animals to store food and/or hibernate Has unique wildlife, including porcupines, beavers, weasels, bald eagles, platypus, owls, etc.

Climate It is very rainy with about 50-150 cm of rain each year It is very temperate, as the temperature ranges from around 0℃ in the winter, to about 20-25℃ in the summer Average temperature is about 50°F

Gershmehl’s Nutrient Cycle B- Biomass (living organisms) L- Litter (waste from organisms) S- Soil (decomposition of litter transferring nutrients to soil) Le- Leeching (rainfall leeching nutrients) P- Precipitation (added nutrients from rain) R- Runoff (loss of nutrients through runoff) W- Weathering (Chemical elements added)

World map Temperate Deciduous Forests can be found in many areas around the world including: East United States Most of Europe East Australia East China Most of Japan and Korea New Zealand Western Edge of British Columbia

Biotic and Abiotic Factors Deciduous Trees Birch Trees Oak Trees Eastern Chipmunk Red Tailed Hawk White-Tailed Deer Coyote Carpet Moss Lady Fern Rocks Soil Water Sunlight Air Rain Hills Temperature Temperate Climate

Net primary productivity The total net primary productivity of a temperate deciduous forest is about 6000 kilocalories per square meter per year

Succession Succession in this biome usually occurs from pioneer shrubs and grasses to mature trees, and then eventually return back to pioneer shrubs and grasses When the pioneer shrubs grow and provide enough litter to make the soil fertile, trees begin to grow until they have exhausted their nutrients and starting the cycle over Disturbances like wildfires and insect infestations can occur and interrupt the cycle

habitats 70% is deciduous woodlands Grasslands Marshes Primarily made up of trees that shed their leaves when it gets cold Seasonal: warm summers and long cold winters

Niches Squirrels bury acorns, which can cause trees to grow Woodpeckers create nets in trees which other animals can use after they are abandoned Trees shed leaves with the seasonal and temperature change causing soil to be more fertile

FOOD CHAIN

Food Web

Energy Pyramid Energy Pyramid shows the flow of energy and the producers/consumers

Biomass Pyramid Biomass shows the relative amounts of biomass at each trophic level

Pyramid of Numbers The pyramid of numbers shows the feeding relationship and the number of organisms at each trophic level

Temperate Deciduous Forest Trophic Levels First Trophic Level (Producers): trees grasses and shrubs Second Trophic Level (Primary Consumer): herbivores like rodents, squirrels, insects, birds and deer Third Trophic Level (Secondary Consumers): small predators like birds, opossum, raccoons, snakes and foxes. Fourth Trophic Levels (Tertiary Consumers): Omnivorous bears and Carnivores cougars

Temperate Deciduous Forest Animals and adaptations Bears, cougars, and other larger mammals hibernate and have a heavy coat for the winter and large claws to climb trees Squirrels, Chipmunks and some jays gather nuts and seeds and store them in hollow logs or holes for winter Woodchucks and Raccoons eat as much as possible in summer to hibernate during the winter Many birds migrate Animals have thick fur and fat to insulate heat

Temperate Deciduous Forest Plants and adaptations Trees: Ash, beech, birch, maple and oak Adaptation In the summer their leaves are broad and green to help capture sunlight for photosynthesis In winter the loose their leaves and seal places where leaves attach to the branch and loosing their leaves helps them conserve water

Human Activity Temperate deciduous Forest have been affected by human activity… Logging Grazing Deforestation

Case study Good Bad Managing the forest Keeping the land open to the public, while conserving it Using management tactics like pollarding (trees cut above shoulder length to encourage growth) Dead wood left to rot to supply nutrients Recreational areas for biking and hiking are marked out to reduce damage to other areas of the forest Human population around forests leads to pollution Threats to forests include human activity like logging and agriculture High activity in logging because most of the trees are hardwoods, meaning they have denser woods. Intense logging causes massive deforestation Land is very fertile, making them easy to convert to agriculture which is taken advantage of