Industrial Revolution Part 2 Chapter 9

The Industrial Revolution Spreads Chapter 9, Section 1

New Industrial Powers Emerge In 1807, British mechanic William Cockerill opened factories in Belgium to produce spinning and weaving machines. Belgium became second European nation to industrialize. Others nations had more supplies of coal and iron than Britain. Britain paved the way and made it easier for other nations. U.S. surpassed Britain as leading industrial nation by 1900.

Uneven development: Russia took a long time, Japan developed rapidly Negative Effects: urbanization, bad living and working conditions Positive Effects: cheaper goods, regular people are able to buy what only the wealthy could earlier, jobs Western powers came to dominate even more than before

Technology Sparks Industrial Growth Steel: Henry Bessemer created a process to make steel from iron in 1856 Chemistry: medicines like aspirin, perfumes, soaps, fertilizers. In 1866, Alfred Nobel created dynamite. Electricity: Italian Alessandro Volta developed the first battery around 1800. English Chemist Michael Faraday created simple electric motor and the dynamo, a machine that generates electricity. In 1870s, Thomas Edison made the electric light bulb. Electricity applied to factories, could work at night.

Production methods: interchangeable parts, assembly line

Transportation and Communication Advances Transcontinental railroad in the U.S. and Trans-Siberian railroad in Russia Automobile: German Nikolaus Otto invented a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. 1886, Karl Benz made first automobile (3 wheels). Gottlieb Daimler made a 4-wheeled one a year later. “horseless carriages” American Henry Ford made faster automobiles and used the assembly line. Motorized threshers and reapers boosted farm production.

Airplanes: 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright designed plane in Kitty Hawk, NC. Communication: American Samuel F.B. Morse invented the telegraph. Later, trans-Atlantic cable was used to contact Europe. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. By 1890s, Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.

Business Takes a New Direction Rise of “Big Business”: New technologies required capital. To get the needed capital, stock in companies was sold. Some businesses were corporations. Monopolies: Monopolies controlled entire industries or areas of the economy. Example: Rockefeller oil in the U.S. When there is no competition they can control prices. Some corporations formed cartels. Regulation: Some people praised these “captains of industry” and capitalism. Others saw them as “robber barons” and a threat to free-enterprise and laissez-faire economics. They sought government regulation.

The Rise of the Cities Chapter 9, section 2

Medicine Contributes to the Population Explosion 1800-1900, the population of Europe doubled. Families were not getting larger; the death rate was dropping. Fight Against Disease: Germ Theory. By 1870, Louis Pasteur showed link between microbes and disease. He created vaccines for rabies and anthrax and invented pasteurization. German Robert Koch identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis. Yellow fever and malaria were traced to microbes carried by mosquitoes. Better hygiene developed, too.

Hospital Care: In 1840s, anesthesia was invented Hospital Care: In 1840s, anesthesia was invented. But, hospitals were dangerous places due to infection. Florence Nightingale introduced sanitary measures and the first nursing school. Joseph Lister discovered how antiseptics killed bacteria and insisted that doctors sanitize instruments and wash hands.

City Life Changes City Landscapes Change: new town squares and boulevards, urban renewal in some European cities, in U.S. the wealthy lived on outskirts of city not in the inner city. Other changes: paved streets, gas then electric lamps, police forces, fire departments, sewage systems, sidewalks, skyscrapers Slums: small, cramped row houses or tenements in overcrowded neighborhoods, high rates of crime, alcoholism

Lure of the City: music halls, opera houses, theaters, museums, libraries, sporting events were not available in country villages

The Working Class Advances Labor Unions: Workers formed mutual-aid societies to help sick or injured workers. Unions were legalized in most nations by 1900. The main tactic was strike or work stoppage. Governments had to adopt laws to regulate working conditions: child labor, work days, safety, old-age pensions, disability, etc. Standards of Living Rise: The standard of living measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society. People had more varied diets, better homes, inexpensive clothing, advancements in medicine, etc. Still, gap between rich and poor widened.