Ch. 21 Section 2- The Rise of the Cities Life in the Industrial Age 1800-1914

Medicine contributes to the Population Explosion Cities grew as rural people traveled to urban areas or cities for work From 1800-1900, the population of Europe more than doubled because The death rate fell Nutrition improved Medicine advanced Improved public sanitation As industrialization progressed, city life underwent dramatic changes in Europe and the US

The Fight against Disease/Hospital Care improves British field-army nurse Florence Nightingale insisted that hospitals should do the sick no harm, good personal hygiene, and sanitary measures in hospitals French chemist Louis Pasteur proved that certain microbes or germs can cause disease. He discovered the process of pasteurization, which killed disease- carrying microbes in milk As people understood how germs caused disease, they bathed and changed their clothes more often  this resulted in lower rates of disease

City Life Changes Growing wealth and industrialization changed the basic layout of European cities. City planners created spaces for new boulevards and avenues with government buildings, offices, stores and theaters Settlement patterns also shifted. In most American cities, the rich lived in good neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city while the poor crowded into slums near the city center, within the factories

City Life………..Continued Paved streets made urban areas more livable, gas lamps and then electric street lights lit up the night increasing safety, and sewage systems made cities much healthier places to live Despite their drawbacks, cities attracted millions of people with their music halls, opera houses, theaters, libraries and sports City life was harsh for the poor since they lived in overcrowded houses. Unemployment and illness meant lost wages and there was high rates of crime/alcoholism

The Working Class Advances Workers tried to improve the harsh conditions of industrial life by protesting low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions, and the threat of unemployment By the late 1800s, most Western countries had granted all men the right to vote. Early laws forbade employers to hire children under the age of ten and later laws completely banned child labor Mutual-aid societies were formed, which were self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers. Governments established old-age pensions and disability insurance for workers

Labor Unions begin to grow Men and women joined organized labor unions, which were associations formed to demand better working conditions, higher pay and others benefits from their employers. Their main tactic was the strike, or work stoppage Pressured by unions, reformers, and working- class voters, governments passed laws to regulate working conditions Overall, the standard of living (the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society) for workers rose For example, families ate varied diets, lived in better homes, and dressed in inexpensive and mass produced clothing

Answer questions on page 605 #2-6. Write complete sentences Answer questions on page 605 #2-6 Write complete sentences Turn in when finished