Sensation & Perception Chapter 4

Unit Benchmarks 4.1 Explain the difference between sensation and perception 4.2 Explain the process of color vision and the color defects that can occur 4.3 Describe how rods and cones work 4.4 Describe the basic mechanisms of hearing, olfaction, and touch 4.5 Explain the functions of taste receptors 4.6 List and describe perceptual constancies 4.7 Explain how illusions are useful

Which of the following best describe the distinction between sensation and perception? Sensation refers to touch, and perception refers to all other senses. Sensation relies on the nervous system, and perception relies on the endocrine system. Sensation refers to data from the environment, and perception refers to interpretation of that data. Sensation refers to information sent to the sensory strip, and perception refers to information sent to the motor strip 4.1

Light from the sun or a bulb starts out as White light The absence of light Ultraviolet light Infrared light 4.2

Which of the following best describe why we perceive color? High intensity light produces bright colors, while low intensity light produces dark colors Light hits various objects and bounces back at us at different speeds and stimulates receptors in the eyes Light hits various objects and stimulates the sensory strip in the brain which categorizes the color All of the above A & B only 4.2

Complete the analogy: infrared is to ultraviolet as Red is to white White is to red Slow is to fast Fast is to slow 4.2

The cornea, or the outer covering of the eye, often looks shiny because Of the reflection of the retina behind the cornea Of the reflection of fluid behind the cornea Of the color of the iris It contains no receptors for light 4.2

The purpose of the iris is to Help focus on objects Provide a covering for the eye itself Control the amount of light entering the eye Provide the ability to see color

What happens when we walk out of a dark movie theater into the bright sunshine? The surplus of rods produced by the bright light momentarily blinds us Receptors in the pupils shut down because of the bright lighting conditions The iris responds by closing, gradually decreasing the amount of light that will be let in All of the above 4.2

The size of Alice’s pupil will change If the light that reaches the pupil changes If Alice is experiencing fear If she sees something unpleasant or she sees something she likes For all of the above reasons For A & B only 4.2

This part of the eye is often compared to a camera Retina Cones Lens Pupil 4.2

The lens is responsible for Focusing objects on the back of the eye Magnifying small objects that cannot be easily seen Regulating the amount of light that hits receptors in the eye Filtering out infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths All of the above 4.2

Rods allow us to see when we are Driving at 9:00 p.m. Going outside for physical education at 10:00am Enjoying lunch at 12:00p.m. Leaving school at 3:00p.m. 4.3

The rods of the retina have A few color receptors Many color receptors Only color receptors No color receptors 4.3

Why is it a good idea to look slightly away from an object that you are trying to see at night? You will make better use of the dense concentration of rods packed on the sides of the retina You will make better use of the cones that rely on peripheral light Looking away eliminates the possibility of the blind spot interfering with vision Because of all of the above reasons Because of A & C only 4.3

Cone receptors respond to Red, green, and yellow Red, green, and blue Green, yellow, and blue Red, yellow, and blue 4.3

Which of the following is not true of cone receptors? Cones are used for color vision Cones shut off when it is dark Cones respond best to ultraviolet wavelengths of light Cones provide sharpness of vision 4.3

Why are some fire departments painting their trucks a yellowish green instead of red? This color provides the best visibility at night and day Humans can see a range of energy wavelengths, and yellowish green falls in the middle of that range Red can be a difficult color to see as it gets darker Because of all of the above reasons Because of A & C only 4.3

Each of us has a so-called blind spot in the retina because Light can never hit that particular spot on the retina There are no retinal receptors in that particular spot The optic nerve receives messages at that spot and carries those messages to the brain Of all of the above B & C only 4.3

John is among the eight percent of males who are color-blind John is among the eight percent of males who are color-blind. Which cone systems probably do not work for John? Red and green Red and yellow Blue and yellow None of the cone systems 4.2

Which of the following statements about color defects is accurate? Truly color-blind people can use only their blue and yellow cone systems Bulls have limited color vision that responds only to red. Cats and dogs have elaborate rod and cone systems. None of these statements is accurate. 4.2

When you are able to ignore a television set in the background while concentrating on a conversation with a friend, you are practicing _________. Mental telepathy Closure Adaptation All of the above

Afterimages result when Unused cones firing so all cones can restore themselves to equal levels The image of the object remains in your mind Chemicals for color are not received in the brain The cone system is in balance

Which of the following is the best explanation for why we see afterimages? Staring causes the cones to stop working, and so the brain processes the image only after looking away When we look away, unused cones fire to balance the chemicals used up during staring The rod system must take over when the cones become fatigued, and the rods produce the afterimage The brain becomes fatigued after a minute or so and creates an afterimage in an attempt to make sense of the staring

The high or low of a sound is referred to as ______, and the complexity of a sound is known as _____. Pitch… timbre Timbre… pitch Pitch… audition Decibels… pitch 4.4

Decibels are a measurement of The intensity of a sound The pitch of a sound The loudness of a sound All of the above A & C only 4.4

You are attending a rock concert You are attending a rock concert. The area of the stadium with the lowest decibel level is located In the very front Near the center On stage In the last row 4.4

Cutaneous receptors respond to Temperature changes, bruises, and stress Cuts, temperature changes, and physical pressure Cuts, physical pressure, and chemical imbalances Chemical imbalances, temperature changes, and bruises 4.4

Cilia in the nose Alter the structure of molecules of odor Block molecules of odor from reaching the brain Collect molecules of odor to send to the olfactory bulbs Do all of the above 4.4

The most animal-like of the human senses is the sense of Touch Hearing Smell Taste 4.4

Some animals can communicate sexual interest by Sending out odor chemicals called pheromones Inhibiting the release of pheromones Releasing hormones that the partner detects through cutaneous receptors Stimulating the partner’s cilia through high pitched sounds 4.4

Which two senses are most likely to determine whether we like a certain food? Smell and sight Taste and sight Taste and smell Taste and coetaneous receptors 4.5

Our need for salt Remains relatively constant throughout life Seems to be entirely learned, and thus salt is not really a need Seems to be high in childhood, tapers off, then becomes high again during late adulthood Seems to gradually increase with each passing year 4.5

Which taste receptors help protect us from spoiled food and poison? Detectors for bitterness and saltiness Detectors for sweetness and sourness Detectors for saltiness and sourness Detectors for bitterness and sourness 4.5

Which of the following is the best definition of size constancy? Objects do not become smaller as they move away from us Objects become smaller as they move away from us Objects look the same on the retina regardless of distance from us Large objects can sometimes look smaller than tiny objects 4.6

Randy knows that a poster in his room is red but it looks black Randy knows that a poster in his room is red but it looks black. As he looks at it for a while, it begins to look a little more red again. Which of the following best describes what happens to Randy as he stares? The firing of visual receptors for black gradually increase because the brain was momentarily fooled into seeing the poster as black The firing of visual receptors for red increase because the brain can influence this The firing of visual receptors for red decreases because of the lighting, and the brain has no say in the matter The firing of all visual receptors remains the same throughout this episode because perception has no influence on this firing 4.6

As John runs back to catch a fly ball, he focuses on the ball to keep it steady. What allows him to accomplish this? Stabilizing object-motion Stabilizing self-motion Space constancy All of above A & C only 4.6

As we drive, space constancy allows us to Hold cars in front of us steady in our minds Perceive how fast a car is traveling Understand the size of a parking space Do all of the above 4.6

The visual cliff experiment demonstrated that All animals can perceive depth Only humans can perceive depth Humans can perceive depth at an early age Depth perception relies on object-motion and self-motion

Which of the following laboratory experiments demonstrates that humans can perceive depth at an early age? The visual cliff experiment The retinal disparity experiment The visual texture experiment All of the above

Binocular disparity and visual texture helps us Maintain space constancy Maintain object-motion Perceive depth Understand size constancy

The Muller-Lyer illusion fools us because One line takes up more space than another One line seems farther away than another One line is actually longer than the other One line is slightly thicker than the other 4.7

Which of the following best describes why we perceive reversible figures? The brain can’t decide on a single interpretation of a picture The brain becomes fatigued after one stares at a picture and reverses its interpretation to alleviate boredom The brain is protecting itself from potentially harmful stimuli The brain is momentarily overloaded and breaks down 4.7

The pupil of the eye increases in size when looking at something pleasant True False 4.2

Color blindness is most often found in men True False 4.2

Pitch is the complexity of the sound True False 4.4

Decibel levels over 130 are painful to the ears True False 4.4

Color constancy only works if we already know what color we are looking at True False 4.6

Retinal disparity is the difference in the images seen by each eye True False 4.6

male Color blindness is an inherited defect usually found in the ____________ sex. 4.2

cilia The key to hearing is the existence of cells having hair-like projections called __________. 4.4

The intensity of sound is measured by __________. decibels The intensity of sound is measured by __________. 4.4

size When standing on top of the Empire State Building, people appear to be the size of ants. We know that they really are the same size as us because of _____________ constancy. 4.6

sensation The process of receiving information from the environment is called ________________. 4.1

a) Closure b) Proximity c) Gestalt d) Similarity ___ An organized shape or form ___ Filling in details to complete a picture ___ Grouping things that are near ___ Grouping together things that are alike C A B D

a) Reversible figure b) Gestalt c) Proximity d) Closure e) illusions ___ Inaccurate perceptions ___ Organized wholes, shape, or forms ___ Two alternating are seen ___ Grouping of objects that are near each other ___ Filling in the missing details E B A C D 4.7

Retina Cornea Pupil Lens Iris Optical Nerve