Module 25 Mineral and Energy Resources

Definition Pertanyaan: Mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties 'Mineral Resources' is concentrations or occurrence of material of intrinsic economic interest in or on the earth's crust in such form, quality and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction (Wikipedia). Pertanyaan: Apakah lampu air, minyak, gas tergolong mineral?

PLATE TEKTONICS & METAL PROSPECTION

Ore Deposits An ore is a type of rock that contains minerals with important elements including metals. The ores are extracted through mining; these are then refined to extract the valuable element Ore deposits: Primary Secondary

PRIMARY ORE DEPOSITS Hydrothermal vein Contact Metamorphism Magmatic Segregation

SECONDARY ORE DEPOSITS Weathering and accumulation of ore deposits

SECONDARY ORE DEPOSITS Placer deposits

SECONDARY ORE DEPOSITS Placer deposits

DIAMOND

MINING Open pit

EXAMPLES OF OIL TRAPS

FORMATION OF COAL

FORMATION OF COAL

Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Resources can be either renewable or nonrenewable A renewable resource can replenished or regenerated. For example, a food crop which can be consume each season. Groundwater drawn from wells may eventually be replenished by rainwater. But what does “eventually” mean? Some resources take a very long time to regenerated – longer than humans are willing or able to wait. For instance, it may take hundreds of years for groundwater supplies to be replenished. So we must modify our definition: A RENEWABLE RESOURCES IS ONE THAT CAN BE RENEWED ON A HUMAN TIME SCALE

Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Some mineral deposits are known to be forming today, but the rate of formation is exceedingly slow. For example, it may take 600,000 years for a large copper deposit to be formed. From a human point of view, resources such as coal, oil, copper, iron, gold and fertilizers are one-crop resources. The Earth’s supply of those “crops” is fixed. Our modified definition: RENEWABLE RESOURCES ARE THOSE THAT CAN BE RENEWED ON A HUMAN TIME SCALE, THE REST ARE NONREWABLE RESOURCES

Quaternary Volcanoes Belts of Indonesia

Distribution of Magmatic Arcs of Indonesia (source: Carlile & Michell, 1994)

Distribution of Magmatic Arcs and Ore Minerals of Indonesia LAUT CINA SELATAN KALIMANTAN MALAYSIA MINDANAO Busang (Au) Mt. Muro (Au,Ag) Borneo Gosowang Tombulilato (Ni) Masupa Ria (Au,Ag) Malala (Ni) Mesel (Au) Calang Bintan (Al) Gebe (Ni) Grasberg/Estberg (Cu, Au) Geumpang SUMATERA Kelian (Au) Bulagidun (Cu,Ag) Logas Burung Mandi (Au) Gag (Ni) Ampalit (Au) Lebong Tandai (Au,Ag) Soroako (Ni) The last arm of the strategy is to work with other large reputable mining companies. We can offer significant benefits to international mining partners. We have cash and a healthy cash flow, We have mining skills, We know Indonesia and the regulatory environment The Government of Indonesia supports our strategy and more We have already entered into some cooperation agreements as you can see and as a result of the advantages we offer, we are already often approached by international companies wanting to invest in Indonesia. From what I have said, you can see that we are well under way with our corporate strategy. As I have said, the next 10 years will be exciting times for Timah. Lebong Donok (Au,Ag) Kelapa Kampit (Sn) Mirah (Au,Ag) Pomalaa (Ni) Lebong Simpang (Au,Ag) Lerokis/ Kali Kuning (Au,Ag) IRIAN JAYA JAWA SULAWESI Endapan bijih utama Busur magmatik termineralisasi Cikijang (Au) SUMBAWA WETAR Gunung Pongkor (Au,Ag) ( sumber: Carlile dan Mitchel, 1994 ) Cikotok (Au,Ag) Trenggalek Batu Hijau (Cu, Au) Primalirang SAMODRA HINDIA AUSTRALIA

Sedimentary Basins of Indonesia (after Padmosukismo at al., 1989)