Nursing History Nursing Concepts

Why history? "Connecting the past with the present allows us to catch a glimpse of the future." The Victoria General Hospital was first established in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1867.  The hospital acquired a bad reputation and was thought to provide poor medical care.  In 1887 the province assumed control of the hospital and attempted to transform the hospital’s image as a place of poor medical care to a place of active and successful medicine.  To assist in this transformation a nursing school was established in 1890, the first of its kind in Nova Scotia, with the objective of providing the hospital with a disciplined nursing staff who would adhere to standards of professionalism and cleanliness. http://forms.msvu.ca/library/archives/nhdp/schools/VGH.htm

17th century Before modern nursing Nuns / monks Prostitutes Criminals Nursing care was provided by men and women serving punishment. It was often associated with prostitutes and other female criminals serving time. They had a reputation for being drunk and obnoxious, a view amplified by the doctors of the time to make themselves seem more important and able.

Florence Nightingale (1820 – 1910) Founder of Modern Nursing "The Lady with the Lamp", Crimean War book Notes on Nursing 1860 est school of nursing

Theodore Fliedner (1800-1864) 1853 - Set up 1st hospital with nurses Led to “British Institute of Nursing Sisters” In 1853 Theodore Fliedner set up a hospital where the nurses he employed had to be of good nature. Many people were impressed with this facility and because of it the British Institute of Nursing Sisters was set up heodor Fliedner (21 January 1800 - 4 October 1864) was a German Lutheran minister and founder of Lutheran deaconess training. He is commemorated as a renewer of society in the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on October 4. In the Indies he became acquainted with the ancient church office of deacon while spending time among the Mennonites. In England he met with Elizabeth Fry, who demonstrated her work among her nation's impoverished and imprisoned people. He returned home not only with a large financial collection for his municipality but also with new ideas about social work among the disadvantaged. He began by working among inmates at the Düsseldorf Prison, preaching the Gospel and ministering to spiritual and physical needs. He walked to and from Düsseldorf every other Sunday until a regular prison chaplain was appointed. In 1826, he created the Rheinisch-Westfaeli Prison Company. To better support and teach Kaiserwerth's children, he founded a school in 1835 which became the venue for a women teachers' seminar. In many cities, there were no hospitals at that time. Following somewhat the model of the early Christian Church's diaconate, incorporating ideas learned from Fry and the Mennonites, and applying his own thoughts, Fliedner developed a plan whereby young women would find and care for the needy sick. For this, he needed to create an institute where the women could learn theology and nursing skills. He opened the hospital and deaconess training center in Kaiserswerth on 13 October 1836. Gertrud Reichardt was the first deaconess commissioned by the new school. One of the associated Kaiserwerth professional schools was later named in her honor. After his wife died in 1842, he found a new life companion (and important employee) in Karolina Bertheau. They opened institutes for the deaconate in 1844 in Dortmund and in 1847 in Berlin. Flieder's attention became completely focused on this aspect of the ministry and in 1849 he turned completely to working with the deaconate, including increasing activity abroad. Because of these efforts, deaconess institutes arose in Paris, Strasbourg, Utrecht, and elsewhere. By the time of his death in 1864, there were 30 motherhouses and 1600 deaconesses worldwide. By the middle of the 20th century, there were over 35,000 deaconesses serving in parishes, schools, hospitals, and prisons throughout the world. A sign of the international respect Fliedner garnered is that his most famous pupil came from outside Germany. Florence Nightingale, then a crusading English health care reformer, visited Kaiserwerth in 1846 and came away favorably impressed. She later returned for nursing studies and graduated in 1851. Today, one of Düsseldorf's hospitals bears her name.

James Derham 1757-1802 1st African-American to formally practice medicine in the U.S. Born into slavery Owned by several doctors - worked as a nurse Purchased his freedom 1783  Opened a medical practice though he never received an M.D. degree. Was owned by several doctors by age 26 his annual earnings exceeded $3000 Dr. James Durham, born into slavery in 1762, buys his freedom and begins his own medical practice in New Orleans, becoming the first African-American doctor in the United States. As a youngster, he was owned by a number of doctors, who taught him how to read and write, mix medicines, and serve and work with patients. Durham had a flourishing medical practice in New Orleans until 1801 when the city restricted his practice because he did not have a formal medical degree.

Mary Jane Seacole (1805 – 1881) Crimean War succeeded despite racial prejudice autobiography, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands (1857) "a woman who succeeded despite the racial prejudice of influential sections of Victorian society".

Clara Barton (1821 – 1912) Civil War Nurse Organized the American Red Cross 1881

DOROTHEA DIX 1802 - 1887 Am. activist for mentally ill created 1st Am. mental asylums Civil War: Superintendent of Army Nurses

Louisa May Alcott (1832 – 1888) Civil War Nurse Author Little Women

1st professionally trained American nurse Est. nursing schools Linda Richards (1842 – 1930) 1st professionally trained American nurse Est. nursing schools USA & Japan Created 1st individual medical records system Richards was born Malinda Ann Judson Richards on July 27, 1841 in West Potsdam, New York. She was the youngest of three daughters of Betsy Sinclair Richards and Sanford Richards, a preacher, who named his daughter after the missionary Ann Hasseltine Judson in the hopes that she would follow in her footsteps. In 1845, Richards moved with her family to Wisconsin, where they owned some land. However, her father died of tuberculosis just weeks after they arrived there, and the family soon had to return to Richards' grandparents' home in Newbury, Vermont. They purchased a small farm just outside the town and settled there. Betsy Sinclair Richards also contracted tuberculosis, and Linda Richards nursed her mother until her death from the disease in 1854. Education[edit] Her experience with nursing her dying mother awakened Richards' interest in nursing. Though in 1856, at the age of fifteen, Richards entered St. Johnsbury Academy for a year in order to become a teacher, and indeed taught for several years, she was never truly happy in that profession.[3] In 1860, Richards met George Poole, to whom she became engaged. Not long after their engagement, Poole joined the Green Mountain Boys and left home to fight in the American Civil War. He was severely wounded in 1865, and when he returned home, Richards cared for him until his death in 1869.[4] Inspired by these personal losses, she moved to Boston, Massachusetts in order to become a nurse. Her first job was at Boston City Hospital, where she received almost no training and was subjected to overwork. She left that hospital after only three months, but was undaunted by her experiences there. In 1872, Linda Richards became the first student to enroll in the inaugural class of five nurses in the first American Nurse’s training school. This pioneering school was run by Dr. Susan Dimock, at the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston]. Linda describes her nursing training: “We rose at 5.30 a.m. and left the wards at 9 p.m. to go to our beds, which were in little rooms between the wards. Each nurse took care of her ward of six patients both day and night. Many a time I got up nine times in the night; often I did not get to sleep before the next call came. We had no evenings out, and no hours for study or recreation. Every second week we were off duty one afternoon from two to five o'clock. No monthly allowance was given for three months.”

Mary Eliza Mahoney (1845 – 1926) 1st African American nurse graduate - 1879 Co-founded: National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (1908) Mary Eliza Mahoney When Mary Eliza Mahoney graduated from nursing school in 1879, she would make history as the first graduate African American nurse. After deciding not to go into a career of domestic service (like many black women did at the time), she worked at the New England Hospital for Women and Children for many years before entering college. Mahoney graduated at the age of 34, becoming a graduate nurse and paving the way for other African American nurses in the future. Through her hard work she would provide the inspiration for the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses, which she helped co-found in 1908. Later in life Mahoney used her past experience to not only assist black women but all women in having educational and professional rights, further helping the status nursing has today.

Ellen Dougherty (1844 – 1919) first Registered Nurse in the world 1st country to establish a nursing registry New Zealand 1901 New Zealand was the first country to regulate nurses nationally, with adoption of the Nurses Registration Act on the 12th of September, 1901. Ellen Dougherty was the first registered nurse. In 1901, New Zealand became the first country to pass legislation, the Nurses Registration Act, on the registration of nurses. Dougherty was then the first to be registered on January 10, 1902. She retired in 1908.

Unite States Nursing Registry 1st State to pass nursing licensure law North Carolina 1903 All US states 1923 North Carolina was the first state in the United States to pass a nursing licensure law in 1903

The Nightingale 1886 - The Nightingale, the first American nursing journal, is published.

The Nightingale Pledge Composer Lystra Gretter 1st used by the 1893 graduating class Michigan 1893 – composed by Lystra Gretter is first used by the graduating class (at the old Harper Hospital in Detroit, Michigan)

The Nightingale Pledge I solemnly pledge myself before God and in the presence of this assembly, to pass my life in purity and to practice my profession faithfully.

The Nightingale Pledge I solemnly pledge myself before God and in the presence of this assembly, to pass my life in purity and to practice my profession faithfully. serious

The Nightingale Pledge I solemnly pledge myself before God and in the presence of this assembly, to pass my life in purity and to practice my profession faithfully. Binding Promise

The Nightingale Pledge I solemnly pledge myself before God and in the presence of this assembly, to pass my life in purity and to practice my profession faithfully. Free from guilt

The Nightingale Pledge I solemnly pledge myself before God and in the presence of this assembly, to pass my life in purity and to practice my profession faithfully. Devoted, trustworthy

Having a harmful effect; injurious I will abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous, and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug. Having a harmful effect; injurious Deleterious – causing harm or damage, injurous Mischievous – causing or intending to caruse harm or trouble annoyance, harm or trouble,

Troublesome; irritating: Causing harm, injury, or damage I will abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous, and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug. Troublesome; irritating: Causing harm, injury, or damage Deleterious – causing harm or damage, injurous Mischievous – causing or intending to caruse harm or trouble annoyance, harm or trouble,

I will do all in my power to maintain and elevate the standard of my profession, and will hold in confidence all personal matters committed to my keeping and all family affairs coming to my knowledge in the practice of my calling.

Trust that privacy maintained I will do all in my power to maintain and elevate the standard of my profession, and will hold in confidence all personal matters committed to my keeping and all family affairs coming to my knowledge in the practice of my calling. Trust that privacy maintained

With loyalty will I endeavor to aid the physician, in his work, and devote myself to the welfare of those committed to my care.

Allegiance, devoted, steady With loyalty will I endeavor to aid the physician, in his work, and devote myself to the welfare of those committed to my care. Allegiance, devoted, steady

America Nurses Association 1st meeting 1897

Median pay Nursing Today (RN) $66,640 / yr $32.04 / hr PT # jobs 145,200 Growth rate – 5% average rate for careers

# Jobs Growth rate Nursing Today (RN) 2, 751,000 16% LPN $42,490 / yr or $$20.42 / hr # jobs 719,000 Growth rate (16%)