Genetics & Heredity Sections VIII - end

Human Genome Project In 2003, the mapping of the human genome was considered completed at 99% given the current technology of the times Increased processes continue to develop easier sequencing and identification methods Example: 23 and me - Your personal genetic report

See Information in notes and the following Examples and Problems Human Inheritance See Information in notes and the following Examples and Problems

Dominant/Recessive Polydactyly: Dominant PKU: Recessive Cystic Fibrosis: Recessive

Some Examples of human traits on link & following slides 10 Human traits exhibiting complete dominance Some Examples of human traits on link & following slides

Attached Lobe Unattached Lobe                                                         Unattached Earlobe—dominant—chromosome 21

Cheek Dimples                                                     Cheek Dimples Dominant---Chromosome 5

Widow's Peak                                                                    Widow’s peak --- dominant---chromosome 4

Straight Thumb is dominant---chromosome 17 Hitchhiker's Thumb Regular Thumb                          Straight Thumb is dominant---chromosome 17

Mid-digital Hair is dominant. Carried on chromosome 10

Freckles –dominant Carried on chromosome 9

Long Second Toe Dominant---Chromosome 20 TT or Tt Short Second Toe Long Second Toe                                                                    Long Second Toe Dominant---Chromosome 20 TT or Tt

Tongue Rolling                                                            Dominant---on chromosome 22 RR, Rr

Cleft Chin                                                                  Dominant—on chromosome 16 CC, Cc

Incomplete Dominance Blending: Red and White flowers R=Red W=White RW=Pink

Codominance Sickle Cell Anemia AA=Normal SS=Sickle Cell disease SA= Sickle Cell Trait (Resist Malaria)

Multiple Alleles Blood Type: Type A=AA, AO Type B=BB, BO Type O=OO Type AB=AB

Polygenic Produced by interaction of several genes Show wide ranges of phenotypes Example: human skin and hair color and other complex traits

SKIN COLOR

Sex linked inheritance

Sex Linked Sex Chromosomes X & Y Female=XX Male=XY Colorblindness: X linked recessive Hemophilia: Duchenne M.D. Male Baldness

Barr Body Barr body – inactivated X chromosome in females Prevents cell from being “overloaded” on proteins made by X chromosome

Genes Genes alone do not determine phenotype. They only determine our maximum genetic potential. Environmental factors also affect appearance: nutrition, exercise, healthy practices

Pedigrees Notes information in your booklet

Karyotypes

Normal Karyotypes arrangement of chromosomes in pairs by size starting with the longest pair and ending with the sex chromosomes Can be used to detect genetic disorders caused by non-disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis

Non-disjunction

Normal Karyotypes

Karyotypes - Anomalies