LEGAL AND ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES IN HEALTH CARE Mrs. Godbee - Introduction to Healthcare Class

Legal Responsibilities Criminal Law Wrongs against a person, property or society Examples of criminal law in health care: practicing without license, use of narcotics, theft, murder Civil Law Legal relationships between people and the protection of a persons rights Torts- wrongful acts that do not involve contracts Health care mainly affected by civil law: both contract(ual) and torts

Torts Malpractice- “bad practice” Negligence- failure to give care that is normally expected Assault-threat or attempt to injure Battery-unlawful touching of another person without their consent Invasion of Privacy- includes unneccessary exposure of an individual or revealing personal information

Torts (cont.) False imprisonment-Restraining an individual or restricting their freedom. Abuse-Any care that results in physical pain or mental anguish or harm.

Forms of Abuse Physical- hitting, restraining, depriving of food water or physical needs Verbal- can be spoken or written – swearing, shouting, ethnic slurs Psychological/Mental-threatening harm, denying rights, intimidating, belittling Sexual - touching, gestures, or suggestions that are unwanted

Forms of Abuse Outside the Facility Domestic Abuse- intimate partner uses threatening, manipulative, aggressive, or violent behavior Child Abuse- abuse of a child Elder Abuse- abuse directed toward an older person (may be related to finances) All abuse must be reported any time of abuse to supervisor and or authorities.

Torts (cont.) Defamation- false statements which cause a person to be ridiculed or ruin their reputation 1) Slander-spoken 2) Libel-written

Informed Consent Permission granted voluntarily by a person who is of sound mind after the procedure and all risks involved have been explained in terms the person can understand. Ex. Surgery, Ex. Treatment of minors Ex. Diagnostic tests

Verbal Consent Permission is granted after procedure has been explained to patient(s). Ex. Given Injections Ex. Taking blood pressure Never perform a procedure(s) without a patient’s consent

Contracts A contract is an agreement between two or more parties. Consist of three parts: Offer Acceptance Consideration

Contracts Offer – competent individual enters into a relationship with health care provider(s) and offers to be a patient. Acceptance – health care providers gives them an appointment or examine and treats the patient. Consideration - payment made by the patient for the physician’s services.

Types of Contracts Implied Contracts Expressed Contracts Obligations understood without verbally expressed terms Ex. Giving medication to a patient Expressed Contracts Stated in distinct and clear language either orally or written. Ex. Surgical permit

Contracts… role of EMPLOYER Principal- is responsible for the actions of the agent. Can be required to pay or compensate people who have been injured. EMPLOYEE Agent – is a person who works under the direction or control of another person/employer.

Legal Disability A person who does not have the legal capacity to form a contract. Minors Mentally incompetent individuals Someone under the influence of drugs Someone who does not understand the language Semiconscious/Unconscious people Parents/Guardians must form the contract for the(se) individual.

Breach of Contract A contract that requires certain standards of care by competent, qualified individuals. If a contract is not performed according to agreement, contract is breached. Ex. Not paying for services rendered.

Privileged Communications All information given to health care personnel by a patient & by law…. Must be kept confidential and shared only by members of patient’s health care team Must receive written release to give information to others (exceptions: births and deaths, injuries caused by violence, drug abuse, communicable diseases and sexually transmitted diseases. Must state what information is to be released and to whom it is given.

Health Care Records Records that contain information about the care provided to the patient. An example of privileged communications Patient may obtain a copy Can be used as legal records Errors crossed out with a single line and initialed, and dated Must be kept for amount of time required by law then burned or shredded

HIPAA Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act of 1996 The goal is to protect personal information while still allowing information to reach those needed to treat the patient. All employees must comply with HIPAA

Scope of Practice The scope of practice describes the procedures, actions, and processes that a healthcare practitioner is permitted to undertake in keeping with the terms of their professional license. Ex. A Nurse = RN, LPN Ex. A EMT or A Dentist

Ethics Set of principals relating to what is morally right or wrong. Provide a standard of conduct or code of behavior. Issues: Euthansia, Stem Cell Research, marijuana legalization, animal in research, denying treatment on religious grounds etc..

Confidentiality Information about the patient must remain private and can be shared only with other members of the patient’s health care team.

Patients Rights Patient’s Bill of Rights by AHA Considerate respectful care Obtain complete current info about diagnosis etc… Receive info to give informed consent Have advanced directives- can refuse treatment

Patients’ Rights Privacy Confidentialty Reasonable response to a request for services Receive info about relationships between doctors and medical facilities etc… Be informed of right to refuse being involved in research

Patients’ Rights Reasonable continuity of care Right to review medical records and examine bills Be informed of hospital rules, regulations, and resources to settle greivances

Advanced Directives Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990 Legal Directives Legal documents that allow individuals to state or inform every adult verbally and in writing of their medical treatment; right to make decisions about their care they want or do not want, including right to refuse treatment and right to die Advance directives should be documented in a patient’s record

Advanced Directives Living Wills- Documents that allow individuals to state what measures should or should not be taken to prolong life when their conditions are terminal Durable Power of Attorney- Document which allows another individual to make their medical decisions for them if they become unable to

Professional Standards Only perform procedures you have been trained and are legally permitted to do. Use only approved, correct procedures Obtain proper authorization before performing any procedure Identify patient and receive their consent before performing procedure

Professional Standards Observe all Safety Precautions Keep all information confidential Think before you speak Treat all patients equally Accept no tips or bribes If any mistakes or errors occur report them immediately to your supervisor Behave professionally in dress, language, manners and actions