The Resource Dimension in Urban Sustainability: Indian Context Dr. Abhijit Banerjee United Nations (New Delhi) Urban Journalism Academy (WUF9) 18 January 2018, New Delhi

Natural Resource Sustainability Challenges Pollution (air, water, etc.) Depletion Shortages, price shocks Natural Resource Extraction, Use and Disposal Climate change (from fossil energy use) Import dependence Economic insecurity Ecosystem destruction Biodiversity loss Conflict over access Environmental Challenges Socio-economic Challenges

NATURAL RESOURCE SUSTAINABILITY Reduce Use fewer goods and services (wherever possible) Non-renewables with renewables; Scarce with abundant; More destructive (extraction) with less destructive Substitute NATURAL RESOURCE SUSTAINABILITY Resource Efficiency Create more with less Circular Economy Reuse and recycle “Decoupling”

Circular Economy Moving from “extract-make-use-throw” model to utilizing waste as secondary raw material helps to reduce extraction of primary (virgin) raw material and associated environmental impacts (including GHG emissions) “A circular economy path has the potential to add Euro 1.8 trillion net benefit to the EU by 2030.” - EMF, SUN and McKinsey. (2015). Growth Within: A Circular Economy Vision for a Competitive Europe.

India’s material consumption growing sharply Material consumption in India, 1970-2010 India’s future material demand projections under 3 scenarios Even under current dynamic, material demand will grow 5x by 2050! Since 1970, 5x (population only 2x) Sources: UNEP-IRP. (2016). Global Material Flows and Resource Productivity. United Nations Environment Programme – International Resource Panel. IGEP. (2013). India’s Future Needs for Resources: Dimensions, Challenges and Possible Solutions. Indo-German Environment Partnership. New Delhi: GIZ-India.

Increased domestic extraction or increased imports? In 2011, mineral imports cost USD 160 billion Geo-political risk Extraction intensity (tons/km2) already highest in the world Population density highest among major countries Mineral deposits associated with forest areas Sources: Environmental Atlas of India, 2001. Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi. Centre for Science and Environment, 2008. Rich Lands, Poor People: Is Sustainable Mining Possible? Sixth Citizen’s Report on the State of India’s Environment. Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi. IGEP. (2013). India’s Future Needs for Resources: Dimensions, Challenges and Possible Solutions. Indo-German Environment Partnership. New Delhi: GIZ-India.

C&D MSW E-waste ELV Urban Mining Waste to Organic Waste to Energy Landfill Reuse Waste to Organic Waste to Energy Waste to Material

Urban Waste Stream Trends in India Current Generation Projection % diverted/recycled Municipal Solid Waste1 68 million tons/year > 200 million tons by 2040 Less than 10% (of collected waste) C&D waste2 10-15 million tons/year 5x by 2030? 10-30% (often for illegal/harmful uses) E-waste3 1.8 million tons/year 5.2 million tons/year by 2020 2% End-of-Life Vehicles4 8.7 million 21.8 million by 2025 Less than 10% Sources: 1 Columbia University, 2012. Sustainable Solid Waste Management in India. Available at: http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/Sustainable%20Solid%20Waste%20Management%20in%20India_Final.pdf 2 CSE, 2014. Construction and Demolition Waste Policy Brief. Available at: http://www.cseindia.org/userfiles/Construction-and%20-demolition-waste.pdf 3 Assocham, 2016. E-waste Management in India. Available at: http://www.assocham.org/newsdetail.php?id=5725 4 CPCB and GIZ, 2015. Analysis of ELVs Sector in India. Available at: http://cpcb.nic.in/openpdffile.php?id=TGF0ZXN0RmlsZS9MYXRlc3RfMTE0X0FuYWx5c2lzT2ZFTFZzSW5JbmRpYTFfLnBkZg==

Challenges in Waste Management in India Lack of data Dominance of informal sector Lack of proper land use planning Lack of capacity and resources at municipal level

Recent Successes and Encouraging Trends Success/Positive Trend Waste Stream Success/Positive Trend MSW Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 Manual on SWM by MoUD (2016): http://cpheeo.nic.in/SolidWasteManagement2016.htm Swachh Bharat Mission funding and targets Swachh Bharat Survey: http://www.swachh-survekshan.in/ C&D waste C&D Waste Management Rules, 2016 (3 year targets) Delhi and Ahmedabad operating successful plants: https://www.ilfsindia.com/our-work/environment/construction-demolition-waste-recycling/ Buyback of C&D derived products by Delhi/Ahmedabad MoEFCC and GIZ Manual for C&D Waste Management: http://re.urban-industrial.in/live/hrdpmp/hrdpmaster/igep/content/e64918/e64922/e67075/e67087/GIZ_CD_eTrainingManual.pdf E- waste E-waste Management Rules, 2016 Extended Producer Responsibility mandate Producer Responsibility Organization: http://karosambhav.com/ ELVs Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of ELVs (CPCB, 2015) NATRIP pilot facility, Chennai: http://www.natrip.in/ First commercial facility (JV with Mahindra) in 2018

SDGs and Urban Resources SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 11.3 Land use efficiency 11.6 Waste management/recycling SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production 12.2 Material Footprint/Domestic Material Consumption 12.5 National Recycling Rate 12.7 Public Procurement Policies

Contact: abhijit.banerjee@one.un.org Acknowledgements Contact: abhijit.banerjee@one.un.org