Chapter 8: Launching a New Nation pages 282-301

Chapter 8: Section 1: Washington Takes Office pages 282-287 The American people had a new Constitution, new Congress, and new 
President. Now, the nation’s leaders had to make this government work. The First President - April 1789, George Washington traveled from Virginia to the nation’s 
 capital, New York City - he was to start his term as the first President of the United States - his actions would set a precedent- an example to be followed by 
 others in the future

The Executive Branch - the Constitution provided only a general outline for organizing the 
 government - first task of the President and Congress was to put a working 
 government in place  o first, Congress passed laws to set up 3 departments for   the executive branch  § 1) Treasury 2) State 3) War  § the President would appoint a secretary to head  
 each department  § this group of people and departments became  
 known as the Cabinet

Establishing the Judiciary - the Judiciary Act of 1789 called for Supreme Court of 6 justices - the main job of the federal courts was to hear appeals from the state  
 courts - Washington appointed John Jay of New York as the first Supreme  
 Court Chief Justice

The Nation’s First Economic Crisis - the Revolutionary War had left the United States $52 million in debt 
 (mainly in the form of bonds)  o bond- a certificate issued by a government for an amount of  
 money that the government promises to pay back with interest

Hamilton’s Financial Plan - Alexander Hamilton was the head of the Treasury Department (he was 
 the secretary of the treasury) - He was responsible for developing a plan to solve the country’s financial 
 crisis - He came up with a three-part plan to solve it:  o 1) PAYING THE DEBT: The U.S. government would agree to pay  back all federal and state debts  § some southern states had paid off their wartime debts 
 on their own  so, they didn't think it was fair for other states to allow the federal 
 government to pay off other states’ debts  § in a compromise, the southern states agreed to support Hamilton’s 
 plan and the federal government agreed to build its new capital city 
 in the South  o along the banks of the Potomac River, between Virginia   and Maryland

o 2) A NATIONAL BANK: The U. S  o 2) A NATIONAL BANK: The U.S. government would charter a   national bank for depositing government funds  § the bank would provide a safe place to deposit  
 government funds and be able to issue paper money 
 (national currency)  § Congress passed a law in 1791 that established the  
 national bank  o 3) A HIGH TARIFF: The government would impose a high tax on  goods imported into the country - the high tariff was the only part of Hamilton’s plan that Congress did 
 not pass

The Whiskey Rebellion - in 1791, Congress placed a tax on all whiskey made and sold in the 
 United States  o Hamilton hoped this tax would raise funds for the Treasury - led to a rebellion  o farmers had turned the corn they grew into whiskey  o so, they hated the tax- compared it to the taxes Britain imposed on  the colonies during the Revolution  o they refused to pay the tax - in 1794, officials in PA tried to collect the tax  o farmers rebelled and burned down the home of a tax collector  o soon, a mob marched through Pittsburgh  o this became known as the Whiskey Rebellion - Washington sent the militia to PA - The leaders of the rebellion quickly scattered - Washington’s forceful; response showed Americans that armed 
 rebellion was not acceptable in the new nation

Chapter 8 Section 1: Review Questions 1. What were the 3 departments of the Executive Branch? 2. This group of people are called the ___________. 3. Who was the first Supreme Court Justice? 4. Who was responsible for developing a plan to solve the country’s 
 financial crisis? 5. What did Washington do to stop the Whiskey Rebellion in PA?

Chapter 8 Section 1: Review Question Answers 1. Treasury, State, War 2. Cabinet 3. John Jay 4. Alexander Hamilton 5. Sent out the militia

"A Description of George Washington" Reading Questions 1. What type of primary source is this? 2. Using paragraph 1, does Jefferson feel that he is equipped to speak for 
Washington's character? 3. Using paragraph 2, give examples that prove Washington's mind was 
great and powerful. 4. Using paragraph 3, describe Washington's character. 5. Using paragraph 4, what was one of Washington's downfalls? 6. What does Jefferson mean by the 5th paragraph? Video Clip

Chapter 8 Section 2: The Birth of Political Parties pages 290-293 -The differences over Hamilton’s financial plan lead to the formation of 
political parties in the United States. Political Parties Emerge -James Madison considered factions (organized political group) to be selfish 
groups, unconcerned with the well-being of the whole nation. -James Madison posted his arguments in The Federalist Papers. -Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington were also 
against factions. -Two political parties began to form. One was supported by Thomas 
Jefferson and one supported by Alexander Hamilton. Republicans Against Federalists -The two political party names were Republicans and Federalists

Republican Party: -federal government too strong -supported by southern planters and northern farmers - close ties with France -opposed the national bank and a national tariff -Key Leaders - James Madison, Thomas Jefferson

Federalist Party: -needs a strong federal government -supported by workers whose jobs depended on manufacturing and 
trade -favored the national bank and a national tariff -close ties with England -Key Leader - Alexander Hamilton

Election of 1796 -George Washington set a precedent as president by not running for a 
third term. -Soon you will learn that Franklin Roosevelt ran for and won a third term 
and encouraged the 22nd Amendment which legally limited the 
President to two terms. -Republican candidate for President in 1796 was Thomas Jefferson. -The Federalists candidate was John Adams, Washington’s Vice 
President. -The candidate who got the most votes, John Adams became President. 
The second-place candidate became Vice President, Thomas Jefferson.

Chapter 8 Section 2: Review Questions 1. Differences over Hamilton’s financial plan lead to the formation of 
 ____ _______. 2. Did James Madison like political parties? Yes or No? Explain. 3. Name the 2 political parties that were formed. 4. Who was the Federalist candidate? 5. Who became the Vice President?

Chapter 8 Section 2: Review Question Answers 1. political parties 2. No - he considered them to be selfish groups 
 unconcerned with the well-being of the whole 
 nation 3. Republican and Federalist 4. John Adams 5. Thomas Jefferson