Voice and local governance in the developing world: What is done, to what effect, and why?   Matthew Andrews and Anwar Shah

Background Reform trends: Combine them: Decentralization Participation and empowerment Institutionalization Combine them: Laws requiring decentralized entities to adopt and implement participatory mechanisms into their governance processes

Participation and voice Voice…an idea from the private to the public sector We think it is a ‘force’ to help enhance government accountability, performance How release it? VOICE MECHANISMS Elections, public meetings, participatory budget processes, complaint procedures, etc.

Research questions What is done? What mechanisms are available to facilitate the expression of citizen ‘voice’? To what effect? What kinds of ‘voice expression’ are evident in different cases where mechanisms have been adopted? Why? What factors seem to influence voice expression?

Methodology Literature-based study of over 50 cases where voice mechanisms adopted Some analyzed in depth South African study Quantitative (273 municipalities) Qualitative (GTZ cases, site visits, emails) Triangulation

What is done? To what effect? Why? Many voice mechanisms in place around the world Conventional categorization But even within categories many differences New way of categorization etc. needed

What is done? To what effect? Why? Categorize voice mechanisms in terms of effect, or type of voice expression… Two dimensions: 1. Focus: Whose voice is given expression? narrow—broad empowerment— utilitarian continuum 2. Influence: How much influence does the expressed voice(s) carry?

What is done? To what effect? Why? Voice High Influence Narrow focus, Broad focus, High influence High influence Narrow focus, Broad focus, Low influence Low influence Low Narrow Broad Voice focus

What is done? To what effect? Why? Link to accountability effect Where low influence: No accountability gains Where high influence but narrow focus: narrow accountability effect and chance of government capture Where high influence and broad focus: broad accountability effect, greatest potential for all-around empowerment Note: Different voice expression effects through voice mechanisms Question: What factors influence effects?

What is done? To what effect? Why? The voice mechanism adopted Mechanisms design details: mechanism access, ability to participate, the participation agenda, and the approach to assessing participation through the mechanism Voice transmission mediums Politics and administrative influence Socio-economics and social structures

Conclusion Many voice mechanism types and effects: Few empower broadly (some may have negative effects) Some factors can be identified as influencing voice expression potential Note: All governments different (in need for voice expression, in opportunity for voice expression) Challenge = consider influencing factors and develop voice mechanisms relevant to government needs, opportunities In default (when led by Bank’s empowerment agenda only): Need to do more to develop voice mechanisms that empower