136 countries covered 136 countries were covered 86% official statistics 10% IGOs 3% NGOs

VICTIMS

Most detected victims are women…

…but the share of men is increasing

Significant regional differences…

…also regarding the age profiles of detected victims

FORMS OF EXPLOITATION

Forms of exploitation by gender Detected female victims Detected male victims

Stable trends for forms of exploitation

Beyond sexual exploitation and forced labour The report highlights that there are many forms of exploitation and trafficking victims are not only women for sexual exploitation and men for forced labour. Moreover, forced labour is a broad category that entails exploitation in a number of sectors. In the report, we discuss the various forms, and have text boxes about trafficking for marriage and for exploitation in the fishing industry.

TRAFFICKERS

Most convicted traffickers are men…

…but many women are involved in trafficking crimes

Most convicted traffickers are local citizens… Looking at the citizenship profiles of convicted traffickers, three quarters are citizens of the country where they were convicted. If this is broken down by region, however, an interesting picture emerges. In NAME (well, ME…) and Western and Southern Europe, most convicted traffickers are foreigners.

…but destination countries convict more foreigners

Commonalities between traffickers and victims Citizenships of foreign offenders often match the citizenships of the victims they traffic – or: Language Ethnicity Gender Family/friendship ties

TRAFFICKING FLOWS

Trafficking flows: domestic trafficking Many flows are domestic – some 43%

Cross-border flows: sub or transregional? As expected, more typical destination areas have larger shares of transregional trafficking. It is only profitable to traffic victims far when the destination (place of exploitation) is a wealthy area.

Flows: diffusion (no country is immune) Victims from Sub-Saharan Africa are the most ‘diffused’ – detected in 69 countries worldwide. This used to be East Asia and the Pacific. Not surprisingly – as a key destination with very good data – W+S Europe detects victims of most citizenships.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESPONSE

Most countries now have solid legislation The progress in terms of legislation has been quite impressive; the number of countries with comprehensive TiP legislation went from 18% at the entry into force of the Protocol in December 2003 to 88% in August 2016 (this analysis covers more countries than patterns and flows).

Countries with older legislation report more trafficking convictions New analysis, done for the first time for this report, shows that while the number of convictions is overall still low, there is a correlation between how long a country has had legislation and how many convictions it records.

Few countries have more than 50 convictions per year

THEMATIC CHAPTER: TRAFFICKING, MIGRATION AND CONFLICT

Chapter 2: TiP, migration and conflict Migration: Comparison of citizenships of detected TiP victims and citizenships of recently arrived migrants in selected destination countries. Found broad similarities -> ‘Cross-border trafficking flows often resemble regular migration flows’ Conflict: Observed increasing numbers of detected TiP victims from conflict areas (e.g. Syria) in data from many countries ‘Conflict can help drive trafficking in persons’

Trafficking in persons and conflict Refugees escaping wars are easily targeted by traffickers The presence of large number of troops creates demand for labour and sexual services Armed groups recruit and abduct children to use them as combatants Armed groups recruit or abduct women and girls for forced marriage, domestic work and sexual slavery as well as men and boys for forced labour Conflict relates to TiP not only because conflict tends to generate large groups of vulnerable people escaping violence, but also because many armed groups often engage in trafficking.

Special topic: TiP in the SDGs TiP features prominently in the SDGs. Three targets explicitly mention TiP. UNODC, because of its long-standing systematic data collection on the topic, is in a good position to help MS monitor progress. Target 16.2; indicator 16.2.2 Number of victims of trafficking in persons, disaggregated by age, sex and forms of exploitation. Target 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation. Target 8.7 Taking immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking… (focus on children).

Release date: 21 December 2016 www.unodc.org/glotip