16.3 &16.4 The Protestant Reformation and the Spread Martin Luther- German priest preaches against indulgence and church abuses Lutheranism spreads Other reformers: John Calvin, Zwingli, Anabaptists, and the English reformation

Martin Luther The renaissance values of humanism and secularism stimulated widespread criticism of the RCC’s extravagances Europeans call for reform-movement and new form of christianity known as Protestant Reformation and Protestantism

Indulgence certificate Martin Luther German Monk – Martin Luther as a young monk he struggled with his soul’s salvation worried God might not accept his soul after reading the Bible he found a letter from Paul and interpreted that a persons faith in God’s mercy would lead to salvation = “Justification by Faith” Indulgence certificate Based on Luther’s new religious awareness he found conflict with the RCC’s sale of church offices and Indulgences- certificates of forgiveness of sin’s ; documents that would assure admission into heaven by repenting and purchasing an indulgence.

Pope Leo X order sale of church offices and Indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peters Basilica John Tetzel- sold indulgences in Germany As a result of these abuses Martin Luther posts 95 theses- statements to the church door In his town Wittenberg, attacking the RCC’s policies St. Peters Basilica

Breaking with Rome B/C of the printing press copies of Luther’s statements spread throughout Germany Pope Leo X sends envoys to Germany to get Luther to recant his statements Luther refuses Pope Leo X officially- Papal Bull- condemns Luther, banns his writings and excommunicated the monk from the church “Diet of Worms”- meeting of German princes and religious leaders who put Luther on trial for his heresy- he is condemned as a heretic and outlaw Luther is hidden out in a castle by prince Frederick of Saxony who was happy to get out from under the power and control of the RCC. While in hiding Luther copies bible in German The Printing Press was a significant invention in the spread of Luther’s ideas

Lutheranism Spreads Luther makes official break and starts Protestant faith of Lutheranism same general beliefs. 1) Salvation by faith and one can trust in God’s love and mercy 2) the Bible was the true authority of the christian teachings protestant leaders called ministers would preach the bible in local languages 3)VOCATIONS- people could serve their callings to their faith by ministry in their occupations

16.4 Protestantism Spreads As fast as Protestantism spreads there are divisions within the movement over different methods and goals 2 Swiss reformers John Calvin Huldrych Zwingli

Swiss reformers Merchants and priests in Switzerland separated from Rome Huldrych Zwingli-A swiss preist who led reform in Zurich, Switzerland Agreed with Luthers Ideas except He wanted to fully break from Catholic tradition and establish a THEOCRACY- church run government John Calvin- set up a theocracy in Geneva. He wrote his own theology-The Institutes of the Christian Religion. His key ideology was PREDESTINATION. God is all-knowing and determines the fate of everyone. Strict reformers John Knox applied Calvinism to Scotland Presbyterianism

Radical Reformers New groups of protestants apply strict rules. ANABAPTISTS- baptize adults who could make informed decision and denied local governments authority-they wandered to places that would accept their ideas. Some were peaceful many were zealous Many came to America in 1600’s and promoted 2 ideas A) religious liberty and B) separation of Church and state which US gov’t adopted.

England’s Reformation Henry married to Catherine of Aragon- Spanish nobility and aunt of HRE Charles V He need Male Heir to throne so English Civil War after his Death. Asks pope to grant divorce, NO b/c Cat is aunt of HRE and pope needs protection from him. So Henry declares King head of English church-Anglican church and gets divorced. Parliament agrees and gives ACT OF SUPREMACY all must swear allegiance to king Sir Thomas More says no he is loyal to pope in Rome and looses his head!!! King Henry VIII, By Hans Holbein

England’s Reformation Henry Seizes all church land and closes monasteries He redistributes land to English nobles in return for their sworn loyalty!!! D,B,Died,D,B,S- these are the lives of the wives of Henry VIII 2nd- Anne Bolyen-child Elizabeth 3rd- Jane Seymour gives sickly son Edward who doesn’t rule long Mary 1st daughter of 1st. Wife staunch catholic tries to restore Catholicism and burns protestants- “Bloody Mary” she dies and Elizabeth- becomes the greatest Queen England had blend Catholicism and Anglicanism Puritans- who want to purify England of Catholics grow in size and influence. Queen Elizabeth I