Gathering Information from Sources: Citations & References GERP Day Two Gathering Information from Sources: Citations & References

SomeWebsite.org Important facts Really good quotes Any important information from that source that will help you explain what your disease is and what foods are harmful or helpful

Why do we need outside sources? Provide support or add credibility to the writing Refer to work that leads up to work in progress Give examples of several points of view on a subject Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original Expand the breadth or depth of your writing START HERE

Using anyone’s IDEAS without acknowledging them is plagiarism. Explain your idea in your own words and mention other people who agree with you. Ex: It appears from the evidence that . . . Every summary or paraphrase must have a source note (citation)*

Introduce generally accepted ideas by impersonal expressions Ex.’s: It is generally believed/held/argued/acknowledged that . . . A commonly held opinion is that . . . Doctors/teachers/scientists have said that . . .

Differences between quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing Quotations: “identical to the original” Paraphrasing: putting a passage from source material into your own words Summarizing: putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s)

Quotes Repetition in speech or writing of someone else’s words. Use quotations when: writer has used a particular apt expression explained something in a very clear, clever, original or illuminating way

When to Use Quotes In case of lack of originality, do not quote, but summarize or paraphrase. Do not quote just for its own sake. Do not use too many quotations. *Synthesize, comment on and analyze the information.* Acknowledge source.

Incorporating Quotations Punctuation is important A.D. Collister wrote, “There is no evidence to suggest that the earth is anything but flat.” (YEAR) Please use Transitional Phrases: As X says, “…………………” (YEAR) According to Y, “………………….” (YEAR) 2nd

Summarize: Find the main idea. Keep most important supporting ideas and major details. Rewrite sentences in YOUR OWN words. Leave out unimportant words and emphasize most important ideas. Far shorter than the original material. English Crossover!

*Paraphrase: Writing skill in which information is written in different words without changing its original meaning. Use a thesaurus! Steps to paraphrase Read the selection Find synonyms* DO NOT change the meaning of the original text

Difference between legitimate and unacceptable paraphrases Source: “What is unmistakably convincing and makes Miller’s theater writing hold is its authenticity in respect to the minutiae of American life. He is a first-rate reporter; he makes the details of his observation palpable.’’ UNACCEPTABLE PARAPHRASE What is truly convincing and makes Arthur Miller’s theatrical writing effective is its authenticity. He is an excellent reporter and makes his observation palpable. LEGITIMATE PARAPHRASE The strength of Arthur Miller’s dramatic art lies in its faithfulness to the details of the American scene and in its power to bring to life the reality of ordinary experience.

Incorporating Your Paraphrase Transitional phrases A.D. Hollister in his book/article explains that, believes that, shows that . . . (YEAR). It is Hollister's belief/opinion/view/conclusion that . . . (YEAR).

Definition of Plagiarism The unacknowledged use of someone else’s words or ideas. Need to Document Using or referring to somebody else’s words or ideas from a magazine, book, newspaper, song, TV program, movie, Web page, computer program, letter, advertisement, or any other medium Using information gained through interviewing (inc. notes) Copying the exact words or a “unique phrase” Reprinting diagrams, illustrations, charts, and pictures No Need to Document Writing your own experiences, observations, insights, thoughts, and conclusions. Using “common knowledge” – folklore, common sense observations or shared information. Compiling generally accepted facts Writing up your own experimental results

Actions that might be seen as plagiarism Copying from another source without citing (on purpose or by accident) Deliberate plagiarism Accidental plagiarism Buying, stealing, or borrowing a paper Using the source too closely when paraphrasing Building on someone's ideas without citation* Hiring someone to write your paper

Referencing What is Referencing? A way of referring to the work of others to provide evidence and support. Why Reference? To avoid plagiarism. all sources used must be cited in the text A full list of sources cited must be included in the reference list

Citations In Text Citations: APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998). According to Jones, "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (1998). According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

Reference List A reference list refers to all the books, articles and websites referred to in an assignment. Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work for up to and including seven authors. Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.

Were you able to find anything on Google Scholar? Journal Article: Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.

Electronic Journal Article: Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving Newspaper or magazine article: Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31. Remove hyperlinks before printing

SomeWebsite.org Important facts Really good quotes Any important information from that source that will help you explain what your disease is and what foods are harmful or helpful

Homework

Proposing a Working Thesis A sentence that expresses the main idea of the paper. A one-sentence answer to the question you have been given. A statement about the topic which will be SUPPORTED by the arguments in the research paper. The working thesis - only provisional, can be adjusted.

Thesis Statement Ex: Osteoporosis, which is a common disease leading to bone fragility and an increased susceptibility to fractures, can be detected, treated, and prevented.