Summarising, Paraphrasing, Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism

Plagiarism You will need to read and draw upon the work of other people for your assignments. You must show your tutor that you have understood what you have read and researched.

Plagiarism The best way to do this is to use the PEA system. Each paragraph has a POINT – what the paragraph is about EVIDENCE – this is a quote, summary or paraphrase ANALYSIS – this is where you look at the evidence and apply your critical thinking skills

Plagiarism If the EVIDENCE is not referenced, this is plagiarism. If you take the POINT or the ANALYSIS from someone else, this is plagiarism. If you don’t state your source for ANY information that you use, this is plagiarism.

Plagiarism It is not enough to read some information, change the odd word to make it look a bit different and then say whose information it was. You must completely re-write it in your own words with the reference at the end, otherwise it is still plagiarism!

Using other people’s work The three main methods of using someone else’s work are summarising, paraphrasing or direct quoting. You may also use pictures or graphs (this would be an equivalent of a quote), or descriptions of music, art or events in films or live productions (these would be the equivalent of summaries or paraphrases.

Using other people’s work Once you have summarised, quoted or paraphrased, you must then show your tutor whose information or idea it was. This is called referencing.

Using other people’s work Bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb(bbbbbbbbb)bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb… The following examples use the PEA Paragraphs system. Point Evidence Analysis

Using other people’s work Bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb(bbbbbbbbb)bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb… In-text references are shown in red. This tells your tutor who the evidence came from and when they wrote it. The full reference goes in your bibliography. We will cover this next week.

Original text Student’s work Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa… Using other people’s work Bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb… On the following slides… Original text Student’s work <

Using other people’s work A summary is a shortened version of text using different words and sentence structure, containing only the main points.

And, yes, The Force Awakens is much, much bigger than A New Hope And, yes, The Force Awakens is much, much bigger than A New Hope. The first Star Wars film was released more than 38 years ago – a long time ago in a culture far, far away. Its lasting impact on viewers who were adolescent or younger at the time is easy to understand if you look at the contemporary pop-culture landscape – if you were after exotic, rambunctious escapism, George Lucas was the best game in town, apart from maybe Gene Simmons, and I could never impugn a Gen X-er’s undying fondness for either… Taking on Star Wars, Abrams is like someone who has been trusted with the keys to a Maybach – his one job is to bring it back without a scratch, and he does this by steering very, very cautiously. The closeness with which The Force Awakens follows the template of A New Hope can be explained away, however, as less a failure of nerve than a structural illustration of the basic premise of the Star Wars universe. Just as the continuity of tradition in Coogler’s Rocky sequel Creed recalls A.J. Liebling’s maxim that boxing “is joined on to the past like a man’s arm to his shoulder”, so the déjà vu of Abrams’s film suits a universe wherein Jedi and the Dark Side are locked in continual and eternal combat, a perpetual Star Wars for perpetual Star Peace. The new Star Wars movie has been favourably compared to the original 1979 movie despite, or perhaps because of, its similarities. A New Hope made a strong impression on young viewers at the time, and that impression, created by George Lucas’ vision, has stayed with them. J.J. Abrams’s The Force Awakens (2015) has much the same format as A New Hope, and this is used to reinforce the epic battle between good and evil that is a signature of the series (Pinkerton, 2015).This means that fans are not disappointed and can orient themselves in… S U M A R I N G <

Using other people’s work A paraphrase is a restatement of text using different words and sentence structure. It is roughly the same size as the original and contains details.

And, yes, The Force Awakens is much, much bigger than A New Hope And, yes, The Force Awakens is much, much bigger than A New Hope. The first Star Wars film was released more than 38 years ago – a long time ago in a culture far, far away. Its lasting impact on viewers who were adolescent or younger at the time is easy to understand if you look at the contemporary pop-culture landscape – if you were after exotic, rambunctious escapism, George Lucas was the best game in town, apart from maybe Gene Simmons, and I could never impugn a Gen X-er’s undying fondness for either… Taking on Star Wars, Abrams is like someone who has been trusted with the keys to a Maybach – his one job is to bring it back without a scratch, and he does this by steering very, very cautiously. The closeness with which The Force Awakens follows the template of A New Hope can be explained away, however, as less a failure of nerve than a structural illustration of the basic premise of the Star Wars universe. Just as the continuity of tradition in Coogler’s Rocky sequel Creed recalls A.J. Liebling’s maxim that boxing “is joined on to the past like a man’s arm to his shoulder”, so the déjà vu of Abrams’s film suits a universe wherein Jedi and the Dark Side are locked in continual and eternal combat, a perpetual Star Wars for perpetual Star Peace. The new Star Wars movie has been favourably compared to the original 1979 movie, despite, or perhaps because of its similarities. J.J. Abrams’ The Force Awakens (2015) uses much the same format as A New Hope, but this is not because he is scared to use his own imagination, but because the director wanted to reinforce the foundational myths of the series (Pinkerton, 2015).This means that fans are not disappointed and can orient themselves in relationship to the morals and storylines that have gone before, and give the new film their full… P A R H S I N G <

Using other people’s work A quote is shown in inverted commas “--------” if it is short, or in an indented block of text if it is over four lines. It is the actual and unaltered words that someone else has written or said.

And, yes, The Force Awakens is much, much bigger than A New Hope And, yes, The Force Awakens is much, much bigger than A New Hope. The first Star Wars film was released more than 38 years ago – a long time ago in a culture far, far away. Its lasting impact on viewers who were adolescent or younger at the time is easy to understand if you look at the contemporary pop-culture landscape – if you were after exotic, rambunctious escapism, George Lucas was the best game in town, apart from maybe Gene Simmons, and I could never impugn a Gen X-er’s undying fondness for either… Taking on Star Wars, Abrams is like someone who has been trusted with the keys to a Maybach – his one job is to bring it back without a scratch, and he does this by steering very, very cautiously. The closeness with which The Force Awakens follows the template of A New Hope can be explained away, however, as less a failure of nerve than a structural illustration of the basic premise of the Star Wars universe. Just as the continuity of tradition in Coogler’s Rocky sequel Creed recalls A.J. Liebling’s maxim that boxing “is joined on to the past like a man’s arm to his shoulder”, so the déjà vu of Abrams’s film suits a universe wherein Jedi and the Dark Side are locked in continual and eternal combat, a perpetual Star Wars for perpetual Star Peace. The new Star Wars movie has been favourably compared to the original 1979 movie, despite, or perhaps because of its similarities. Pinkerton (2015) writes that “The closeness with which The Force Awakens follows the template of A New Hope can be explained away, however, as less a failure of nerve than a structural illustration of the basic premise of the Star Wars universe.” This means that fans will be able to orient themselves within the movie’s plot, morals and characters easily, and then watch the film without any jarring elements… Q U O T I N G <

and has the reference separate, but immediately after it. The new Star Wars movie has been favourably compared to the original 1979 movie, despite, or perhaps because of its similarities: The Force Awakens follows the template of A New Hope can be explained away, however, as less a failure of nerve than a structural illustration of the basic premise of the Star Wars universe. …the déjà vu of Abrams’s film suits a universe wherein Jedi and the Dark Side are locked in continual and eternal combat, a perpetual Star Wars for perpetual Star Peace. (Pinkerton, 2015) This means that fans will be able to orient themselves within the movie’s plot, morals and characters easily, and then watch the film without any jarring elements… A block quote is… introduced by a colon indented and has the reference separate, but immediately after it. BLOCK QUOTE - Over four lines long

Excellent! By quoting, summarising and paraphrasing with references and a bibliography, you will successfully avoid plagiarism and be engaging in excellent practice. Look out for the full University of South Wales Harvard Referencing Guide on Moodle.

Reference Everything? You have to ask yourself if the information you want to use is common knowledge. If a piece of information is… available from lots of sources there is no argument over its validity people at your level of study would know it, Then it can probably be classed as common knowledge. In this case you do not have to reference it.

Reference Everything? For example: no reference needed: The titles of the first Star Wars films, in order of production, are: A New Hope, The Empire Strikes Back, and Return of the Jedi.

Reference Everything? Reference needed (because it is someone’s opinion): The Force Awakens is a useless sham of a movie and it could easily be improved with some Ewoks or a descendant of Jar Jar Binks.

Reference Everything? Reference needed (because it is someone’s opinion): The Coalition was a useless sham of a government and it could easily be seen to be heading for disaster.

Recap Summarising: putting the main points of the whole text in your own words Paraphrasing: expressing part of the text in your own words Quoting: copying exactly – but remember to reference!

Q u i z How much do you know about plagiarism now? Follow this link to take a quiz! http://library.leeds.ac.uk/tutorials/activities/plagiarism/you-be-the-judge/

Remember You can always go to the Skills Centre and ask a Learning Coach for help! Enjoy!